2018 thxgvn notes
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The original Thanksgiving was marked by prayer and thanks for the untimely deaths of most of the Wampanoag Tribe due to smallpox contracted from earlier European visitors. Thus when the Pilgrims arrived they found the fields already cleared and planted, and they called them their own.
Puppompogs, Sasacus's brother, "at Mohegan." Given to the Mohegan, after the Pequot Incineration. War/Extermination/Incinerated.
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1623 these Hollanders founded a trading post at what is still known as Dutch Point, in the city of Hartford, on the north side of Little River, now known as the Park River.
1623. Governor William Bradford of Plymouth Colony called for a day of solemn prayer to seek God's mercy to end a drought. When they received rain, he proclaimed a day of thanksgiving (in the summer of 1623):
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are you sure you aren't supposed to be eating alligator?
1541; grapes & pecans; Canyon TX; 80 years ago; b4 William Bradford was shaken down by Chief Massasoit's 90 Wampanoag warriors;
1564; Jacksonville, FL; corn, beans, squash and pumpkins (which the Timucua farmed on a limited basis), as well as local fowl, oysters, shrimp, mullet, deer, and, yes, alligator. (Apparently, the Timucua preferred it smoked.)
The group likely also enjoyed fresh cherries, blueberries, blackberries, mulberries and muscadine grapes — although there’s no record of any pie.
57 years before 1621; b4 William Bradford was shaken down by Chief Massasoit's 90 Wampanoag warriors;
shrimp; deer; mullets; alligators;
1565. Florida; Sept 8, 1565; the Thanksgiving meal that the Spaniards and Timucua shared on September 8, 1565;
Spanish: Cocido (a rich stew made with salted pork, garbanzo beans, saffron, cabbage, garlic, & onions), hard sea biscuits and red wine.
Timucuans: local game and fish (wild turkey, venison, alligator, alligator, bear, turtle, shark, mullet, or sea catfish, or maybe tortoise, oysters, clams), along with grains, corn, beans, and squash; grains, corn, beans, and squash; beans and squash.
56 years before 1621, b4 William Bradford was shaken down by Massasoit's 90 Wampanoag warriors;
alligator, bear, turtle, shark, mullet, oysters, clams;
oysters, clams; shark; bear;
alligator;
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new england puritans, outlawed christmas; burned witchs;
1630. Puritans who arrived to establish Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 observed a special day of prayer that is often called the "first Thanksgiving."
1630; The first thanksgiving day of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was July 8, 1630. Ships from England had had a difficult and stormy voyage. On their safe arrival, Governor John Winthrop declared a day of thanksgiving. In his journal, he records:
"We kept a day of thanksgiving in all the plantations." ~The Journal of John Winthrop 1630 - 1649. Abridged edition. Richard S. Dunn & Laetitia Yeandle, ed. p. 30.
The hands of compassionate women Boiled their own children; They became food for them Because of the destruction of the daughter of my people.
Lamentations 4:10
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Pequot and Mohegan Tribes, indian peoples of the Algonquian language group, probably have lived in what is now southeastern Connecticut for several hundred years.
Both the Pequot and the Mohegan were originally a single tribe which migrated to eastern Connecticut from the upper Hudson River Valley in New York, probably the vicinity of Lake Champlain, sometime around 1500.
the Pequot were an agricultural people who raised corn, beans, squash, and tobacco. Hunting, with an emphasis on fish and seafood because of their coastal location, provided the remainder of their diet. Clothing and housing were also similar - buckskin and semi-permanent villages of medium-sized longhouses and wigwams.
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As a trader, Captain Oldham sailed to Virginia and England, but by 1630 he was back in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Oldham was a representative to the General Court of Massachusetts from 1632 to 1634, and was the overseer of shot and powder for Massachusetts Bay Colony.
He took up residence on an island in the Charles River and was a member of the church at Watertown. He represented Watertown in the colony's first General Court or assembly in 1634. He continued in the Indian trade, sailing the coast from Maine to New Amsterdam.
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windsor is older than wethersfield; windsor est in 1633, William Holmes led a group of settlers from Plymouth Colony to the Connecticut Valley, where they established Windsor a few miles north of the Dutch trading post.
Fort Good Hope; Hartford; 1634; Jacques Elekens assassinated Tatobem, chief of long island Pequot;
John Stone, who was killed by western niantics for kidnapping their people & attempting to put them into slavery, tried to kill William Bradford with a knife.
wethersfield settled 1634; 1634-1636; In the next two years, 30 families from Watertown, Massachusetts joined Oldham's followers at Wethersfield.
In 1635, John Winthrop's Massachusetts Bay Company (MBC) built Fort Saybrook at the mouth of the Connecticut River (CR).
ABRAHAM LINCOLN & SARAH HALE
1863, when President Lincoln proclaimed it,
the same year he had 38 Sioux hung on Christmas Eve.
The Sand Creek massacre (also known as the Chivington massacre, the Battle of Sand Creek or the massacre of Cheyenne Indians) was a massacre in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 675-man force of Colorado U.S. Volunteer Cavalry attacked and destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho in southeastern Colorado Territory,[4] killing and mutilating an estimated 70–163 Native Americans, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.
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Wethersfield, Connecticut. In 1633 or 1634, Oldham led a group of ten men (which included Captain Robert Seeley) along the Old Connecticut Path to establish Wethersfield, Connecticut, the first English settlement on the Connecticut River.
"Weathersfield", while Native Americans called it "Pyquag". "Watertown" is a variant name.
1634 by a Puritan settlement party of "10 Men" including John Oldham, Robert Seeley, Thomas Topping and Nathaniel Foote, Wethersfield is arguably the oldest town in Connecticut, depending on one's interpretation of when a remote settlement qualifies as a "town". Along with Windsor and Hartford, Wethersfield is represented by one of the three grapevines on the Flag of Connecticut, signifying the state's three oldest European settlements. The town took its name from Wethersfield, a village in the English county of Essex.
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1636
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the Puritans, Puritans because they believed in the pure form of Christianity, of Massachusetts Bay (salem witch trials) spread further into Connecticut, they came into increasing conflict with the Pequots, a war-like tribe centered on the Thames River in southeastern Connecticut. The Massachusetts Bay Colony (salem witch trials) eventually declared war with them, and reluctantly the infant Connecticut Colony was quickly drawn into the conflict.
July 20, 1636. the Pequot's killed a dishonest trader, John Oldham.
Pequots most likely were not the killers of John Oldham, but the Block Island Narragansets;;
Massachusetts raised a military force under the command of John Endicott. This troop of 90 men landed on Block Island and killed 14 Indians before they burned the village and crops.
John Oldham; captain, merchant, and Indian trader; died July 20, 1636 on Block Island;He and five of his crew were killed, and his two boys were captured. The ship's cargo was looted. A fishing vessel rescued the boys and tried to tow his sloop to port, but adverse winds affected them. They scuttled the ship but brought home the two boys. The Bay Colony was outraged at this latest incident, and sent John Endicott to Block Island with a force to retaliate.
English colonists learned that Oldham's murderers were Narragansett, Eastern Niantic, and Manisses Indians
August 1636
Endecott sails troops to Fort Saybrook to punish Pequots. Lieutenant Lion Gardiner protests his actions. Endecott sails to Pequot Harbor at mouth of Pequot (Thames) River. Pequots ask what he wants, and Endecott announces his goal. Pequots request conference. Endecott refuses, demanding that Pequots fight in European-style open battle. Pequots refuse. English troops burn Pequot houses and destroy crops.
Late summer 1636
Pequots attack Fort Saybrook. Siege continues intermittently for months
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1637
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Pequots attempt to persuade Narragansetts to ally with them against the English. English send Roger Williams topersuade Narragansetts to remain neutral.
1637 is the year of the first officially declared English Thanksgiving;
1637; year of tulip bubble in the dutch netherlands;
1637; year of the table knife; invented 1637;
just eating with your hands? just ripping into the meat? nobody using table knives? then everybody's a bunch of savages;
1637; b4 Haitian French & American Revolutions; b4 Enlightenment;
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March 1637; Miantonomo allies Narragansetts with the English, "solemnizing the treaty with a gift of wampum and the severed hand of a Pequot brave" (Axelrod 19).
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Spring of 1637, Massachusetts Bay Governor John Endecott organized a large military force to punish the Pequot;
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1- April 23, 200 Pequot warriors responded defiantly to the colonial mobilization by attacking a Connecticut settlement, killing six men and three women and taking two girls away.
During the Pequot War, on April 23, 1637, Wongunk chief Sequin attacked Wethersfield with Pequot help.
They killed six men and three women, a number of cattle and horses, and took two young girls captive. They were daughters of Abraham Swain or William Swaine (sources vary) and were later ransomed by Dutch traders.
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May 1, 1637; As a result of the Wethersfield attack, Connecticut declared war on the Pequot on May 1, 1637. The colony raised a force of ninety soldiers from the three river towns (Hartford, Wethersfield and Windsor) for an expedition against the Pequot. Captain John Mason of Windsor was given command of the Connecticut forces and issued instructions to attack the Pequot fortified villages at Mistick and Weinshauks (the home of Sassacus).
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May 26, 1637; 1 year into the Pequot War (1636-38);
2- On May 26, 1637, two hours before dawn, the Puritans and their Indian allies marched on the Pequot village at Mystic, slaughtering all but a handful of its inhabitants.
Massacre at Mystick River would be repeated 2 more times;
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June 5. 1637. 3- Stonington Massacre; On June 5, Captain Mason attacked another Pequot village, this one near present-day Stonington, and again the Indian inhabitants were defeated and massacred.
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July 28, 1637. 4- Fairfield Massacre; On July 28, a third attack and massacre occurred near present-day Fairfield, and the Pequot War came to an end.
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Connecticut Colony. This seems to be where public days of thanks for general well-being were added to the custom of days of thanks for particular events. The earliest records of thanksgiving days of the colony are these:
On August 36, 1639: "It was concluded that there be a publique day of thanksgiving in these plantacons uppon the 18th of the next month."
On October 25, 1644: "Its ordered, there shal be a publike day of thanksgiving through this Jurisdiction, uppon Wensday com fortnight."
1648 Wethersfield killed Mary Johnson; & Joan & John Carrington n 1651. Four witch trials and three executions for witchcraft occurred in the town in the 17th century. Mary Johnson was convicted of witchcraft and executed in 1648,
On December 5, 1649: "It is ordered by this Courte, that there shall bee a publick day of Thanksgiving kept by all the Churches within this Jurissdiction that may bee seasonably acquainted therewith, uppon this day fortnight."
1648 Wethersfield killed Mary Johnson; & Joan & John Carrington n 1651. Joan and John Carrington in 1651. Landowner Katherine Harrison was convicted, and although her conviction was reversed, she was banished and her property seized by her neighbors.
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1650s
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In 1653, the English seized the fort.
In 1675, Connecticut was fighting in King Philip's War and did not have a thanksgiving day. When the war ended, a thanksgiving day was proclaimed on
June 20, 1676: "The Holy God having by a long and Continual Series of his Afflictive dispensations in and by the present Warr with the Heathen Natives of this land, written and brought to pass bitter things against his own Covenant people in this wilderness, yet so that we evidently discern that in the midst of his judgements he hath..."
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The 800+ Mashantucket Pequot or Western Pequot gained federal recognition in 1983 and have a reservation in Ledyard.
The Mashantucket Pequot Nation land base totals 1,250 acres (5.1 km2).
Pequot people, an Algonquian-language tribe that dominated the southern New England coastal areas. Within their reservation in Ledyard, New London County, the Mashantucket Pequot own and operate Foxwoods Resort Casino. As of 2012, it is the world's largest resort casino in terms of gambling space and number of slot machines.
xxxThe Eastern Pequot are descended from those Pequots who escaped from the Narragansett and returned to their traditional territory, joining free members. In 1683, they were given a reservation on Lantern Hill in North Stonington by the colonial government. Today it is approximately 224 acres.
The 1130-member Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation has a reservation called "Lantern Hill." The Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation is recognized by the state of Connecticut.
Piqua, Edward Winslow, Sachem's Head, Uncus & The Mohegans
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US authorized the cleaned-up United Nuclear site for use as Mohegan reservation lands, and the property was transferred to the United States in trust for the tribe.
Gaining a sovereign reservation enabled the Mohegan to establish gaming operations on their lands to generate revenue for welfare and economic development of their tribe. They opened the Mohegan Sun casino on October 12, 1996, near the former Fort Shantok site above the Thames River.
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90 Wampanoag/Pokanoket people in attendance, double the number of Pilgrims.
it was a Massasoit shakedown;
In the 1600s, the Pequot population was estimated to be 2,200 individuals.
now, there's ?
what are the successes of all this thxgvn bullshit?
UNDERHILL MASSACRES
Less than a year after Mystic, Underhill and his militia launched a surprise attack on a Munsee village in what is now Westchester County, New York wiping out the entire village, killing over five hundred Munsee Indians. For this, he was credited with ending what was later designated The First Munsee War. In two years of fighting, Underhill and his men had taken the lives of an estimated sixteen hundred Indians and destroyed most of the farmsteads on western Long Island.
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In the village, the Pequots sleep. Suddenly, a dog barks. The awakened Pequots shout Owanux! Owanux! (Englishmen! Englishmen!) and mount a valiant defense. But within an hour, the village is burned and 400-700 men, women, and children are killed.
Therefore, fathers will eat their sons among you, and sons will eat their fathers; for I will execute judgments on you and scatter all your remnant to every wind.
Ezekiel 5:10
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50 years later; metacomet's war; king phillip's war; narrangassetts were similarly massacred;
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Captain John Underhill, one of the English commanders, documents the event in his journal, Newes from America :
Down fell men, women, and children. Those that 'scaped us, fell into the hands of the Indians that were in the rear of us. Not above five of them 'scaped out of our hands. Our Indians came us and greatly admired the manner of Englishmen's fight, but cried "Mach it, mach it!" - that is, "It is naught, it is naught, because it is too furious, and slays too many men." Great and doleful was the bloody sight to the view of young soldiers that never had been in war, to see so many souls lie gasping on the ground, so thick, in some places, that you could hardly pass along.
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1633 it had grown into a small fort with earthen walls (probably) enclosing several buildings and provided with a small cannon. A ship-load of bricks brought from Holland was used in the construction, and it has been suggested that the “fort” was an earthwork with brick or stone corners.
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The 1st Thanksgiving in America:“Thanks-taking”
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many prior European explorers offered prayers of thanksgiving upon their safe arrivals in Florida, including
Juan Ponce de León, in 1513 and 1521,
Pánfilo de Narváez in 1528,
Hernando de Soto in 1529,
Father Luis Cáncer de Barbastro in 1549, and
Tristán de Luna in 1559.
1541. An historical marker erected by the Texas Society of the Daughters of the American Colonists outside Canyon, Texas, states that Father Juan de Padilla conducted a thanksgiving service there in May 1541 for an army of 1,500 accompanying Spanish conquistador Francisco Vasquez de Coronado.
A historical marker outside of Canyon, TX claimed Francisco Vázquez de Coronado celebrated the first Thanksgiving near the Palo Duro Canyon in 1541.
It declared that the expedition of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado in May 1541 celebrated the first feast of Thanksgiving in Palo Duro Canyon. Fray Juan Padilla said a mass at this observance.
later research indicated that grapes and pecans were gathered by the celebrants for the feast, and neither grow in Palo Duro Canyon. There is some doubt whether this was a special thanksgiving, or
a celebration of the Feast of the Ascension. It was held in Texas, but may have been on one of the forks of the Brazos River farther south, probably in Blanco Canyon.
1564. 40 miles further north and one year earlier than the one in St. Augustine when French Huguenots—Calvinists like the Pilgrims—held a service of thanksgiving and feasted with the Timucuans to celebrate the June 1564 establishment of Fort Caroline along the St. John’s River in present-day Jacksonville. “We sang a psalm of Thanksgiving unto God, beseeching him that it would please his Grace to continue his accustomed goodness toward us,” French explorer Rene Goulaine de Laudonnière wrote in his journal.
On June 30, 1564—a year before the St. Augustine celebration—the French explorer Rene Goulaine de Laudonnière called for a feast to celebrate the establishment of Fort Caroline atop the St. Johns Bluff, near present-day Jacksonville. (Laudonnière had reached the coast of Florida on June 22, and then proceeded up the waterway that Jean Ribault, two years earlier, had dubbed the River of May; today, we know it as the
St. Johns River.)
The Timucua Indians warmly welcomed the French Huguenots and helped prepare a feast in their honor. “We sang a psalm of Thanksgiving unto God,” Laudonnière wrote of the ensuing celebration, “beseeching Him that it would please His Grace to continue His accustomed goodness toward us.”
the depleted state of the French food provisions after their long journey, much of the celebratory meal would likely have been provided by the Timucua, who were excellent hunters and had access to enormous granaries that were used to store and dispense commonly harvested agricultural goods. Since we know quite a bit about the Timucuan diet, we can surmise that Laudonnière’s feast would have included corn, beans, squash and pumpkins (which the Timucua farmed on a limited basis), as well as local fowl, oysters, shrimp, mullet, deer, and, yes, alligator. (Apparently, the Timucua preferred it smoked.) The group likely also enjoyed fresh cherries, blueberries, blackberries, mulberries and muscadine grapes—although there’s no record of any pie.
Unfortunately, divine blessings were fleeting for the French colonists. Less than two weeks after landing in the New World, Menéndez led an attack on Fort Caroline that resulted in the slaying of 130 French Huguenots, whom the Spaniards saw as heretics and interlopers.
Weeks later the Spanish colonists massacred an additional 200 French shipwreck survivors at an inlet near St. Augustine that was eventually dubbed “Matanzas”—the Spanish word for “slaughters.”
September 8, 1565. 1565. The same happened in Florida when Spaniards landed near St. Augustine in September 1565. Prayers and a feast with the local Indians followed (no mention of turkeys). Blaring trumpets and thundering artillery serenaded Don Pedro Menéndez de Avilés as he waded ashore on September 8, 1565. The Spanish admiral kissed a cross held aloft by the fleet’s captain, Father Francisco Lopez, then claimed Florida for both his God and his country. As curious members of the indigenous Timucua tribe looked on, the 800 newly arrived colonists gathered around a makeshift altar as Father Lopez performed a Catholic mass of thanksgiving for their safe arrival in the newly christened settlement of St. Augustine. At the invitation of Menéndez, the Timucuans then joined the newcomers in a communal meal.
menu for the meal shared by the Spaniards and Timucuans:
“America’s REAL First Thanksgiving,” the European colonists likely ate hard biscuits and cocido—a rich garbanzo stew made with pork, garlic, saffron, cabbage and onion—washed down with red wine.
“The Timucua ate what was available to them locally and that could have included alligator, bear, wild turkey, venison, tortoise and food from the sea such as turtle, shark, mullet or sea catfish,” Gioia says. Archaeological research also shows the indigenous people ate large amounts of oysters and clams along with beans and squash.
Spanish explorer Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles arrived on the coast of Florida. He came ashore on September 8, 1565, naming the land on which he stepped “St. Augustine” in honor of the saint on whose feast day, Aug. 28, the land was sighted. Members of the Timucua tribe, which had occupied the site for more than 4,000 years, greeted Menéndez and his group of some 800 Catholic colonists peacefully.
Colonial records indicate that on the date they came ashore, and in gratitude for their safe arrival, the Spanish celebrated a Mass of Thanksgiving, the very first Catholic mass on American soil. According to the memoirs of Father Francisco Lopez de Mendoza Grajales, who celebrated the mass, once “the feast day [was] observed . . . after mass, ‘the Adelantado [Menendez] had the Indians fed and dined himself.” As University of Florida professor Michael Gannon noted in his seminal book, The Cross in the Sand, “It was the first community act of religion and thanksgiving in the first permanent settlement in the land.”
food provisions stocked on Menendez’s ships, the meal that the Spaniards and Timucua shared on September 8, 1565, was probably cocido, a stew made from salted pork and garbanzo beans, laced with garlic seasoning and accompanied by hard sea biscuits and red wine. The Timucua, as invited guests, would have contributed food to the communal meal–likely local game and fish, along with grains, corn, beans, and squash.
Spanish explorer Pedro Menendez arrived on the coast of Florida and founded the first North American city, St. Augustine.
September 8, 1565, the Spanish and the native Timucua celebrated with a feast of Thanksgiving. The Spanish most likely offered cocido, a rich stew made with pork, garbanzo beans, and onions. Perhaps the Timucua provided wild turkey or venison, or even alligator or tortoise, along with corn, beans, and squash.
1598. the first Thanksgiving Day was held in the city of El Paso, Texas in 1598.
20 years before near present day El Paso, when at least 400 Spaniards, in an exploration led by Juan de Oñate, feasted with the Mansos tribe.
King Phillip 2; Oñate was granted his contract in 1595 and his party launched three years later in 1598, leaving with an estimate 400 to 500 people and around 7,000 head of cattle.
a day of thanksgiving celebrated by Spanish explorer Juan de Oñate and his expedition on April 30, 1598.
Almost from the beginning of the 50-day march, nature challenged the Spaniards. First, seven consecutive days of rain made travel miserable. Then the hardship was reversed, and the travelers suffered greatly from the dry weather. On one occasion, a chance rain shower saved the parched colonists.
Finally, for the last five days of the march before reaching the Rio Grande, the expedition ran out of both food and water, forcing the men, women and children to seek roots and other scarce desert vegetation to eat. Both animals and humans almost went mad with thirst before the party reached water. Two horses drank until their stomachs burst, and two others drowned in the river in their haste to consume as much water as possible.
The Rio Grande was the salvation of the expedition, however. After recuperating for 10 days, Oñate ordered a day of thanksgiving for the survival of the expedition. Included in the event was a feast, supplied with game by the Spaniards and with fish by the natives of the region. A mass was said by the Franciscan missionaries traveling with the expedition. And finally, Oñate read La Toma -- the taking -- declaring the land drained by the Great River to be the possession of King Philip II of Spain.
A member of the expedition wrote of the original celebration, "We built a great bonfire and roasted the meat and fish, and then all sat down to a repast the like of which we had never enjoyed before. . .We were happy that our trials were over; as happy as were the passengers in the Ark when they saw the dove returning with the olive branch in his beak, bringing tidings that the deluge had subsided."
After the celebration, the Oñate expedition continued up the Rio Grande and eventually settled near Santa Fé.
Juan de Oñate was a member of a distinguished family that had loyally worked for the Spanish crown. His father had discovered and developed rich mines in Zacatecas, Mexico. Oñate, himself, had opened the mines of San Luis Potosí and performed many other services for the Spanish king. But he wanted to carve an unquestioned place in history by leading an important expedition into unexplored land.
In 1598 Juan de Oñate led 129 soldiers and 10 Franciscan Catholic priests plus a large number of women, children, servants, slaves, and livestock into the Rio Grande valley of New Mexico. There were at the time approximately 40,000 Pueblo Indians inhabiting the region. Oñate put down a revolt at Acoma Pueblo by killing and enslaving hundreds of the Indians and sentencing all men 25 or older to have their foot cut off. The Acoma Massacre would instill fear of the Spanish in the region for years to come, though Franciscan missionaries were assigned to several of the Pueblo towns to Christianize the natives;;
Although the Franciscans initially tolerated manifestations of the old religion as long as the Puebloans attended mass and maintained a public veneer of Catholicism, Fray Alonso de Posada (in New Mexico 1656–1665) outlawed Kachina dances by the Pueblo Indians and ordered the missionaries to seize and burn their masks, prayer stick, and effigies. The Franciscan missionaries also forbade the use of entheogenic drugs in the traditional religious ceremonies of the Pueblo. Several Spanish officials, such as Nicolas de Aguilar, who attempted to curb the power of the Franciscans were charged with heresy and tried before the Inquisition.
In the 1670s drought swept the region, causing a famine among the Pueblo and increased raids by the Apache, which Spanish and Pueblo soldiers were unable to prevent. Fray Alonso de Benavides wrote multiple letters to the King, describing the conditions, noting "the Spanish inhabitants and Indians alike to eat hides and straps of carts". The unrest among the Pueblos came to a head in 1675. Governor Juan Francisco Treviño ordered the arrest of forty-seven Pueblo medicine men and accused them of practicing "sorcery". Four medicine men were sentenced to death by hanging; three of those sentences were carried out, while the fourth prisoner committed suicide. The remaining men were publicly whipped and sentenced to prison. When this news reached the Pueblo leaders, they moved in force to Santa Fe, where the prisoners were held. Because a large number of Spanish soldiers were away fighting the Apache, Governor Treviño was forced to accede to the Pueblo demand for the release of the prisoners. Among those released was a San Juan ("Ohkay Owingeh" in the Tewa Language) Indian named "Popé".
1598. a group of Spanish colonists prayed and feasted in 1598, giving thanks for their arrival at the waters of the Rio Grande after making a new trail across the Chihuahuan Desert to what became El Paso del Rio del Norte. The site of this celebration was originally on the Mexican side of the river, which later changed course placing the location on the U.S. side of the border. They, too, invited local native people to join them in a three-day feast.
the fact remains that the first European colonists to celebrate a feast of Thanksgiving on North American soil were 500 pioneers in Don Juan de Oñate’s expedition.
There were dozens of families, 10 Franciscan missionaries and 129 soldiers. The celebratory event took place on the banks of the Rio Grande in the vicinity of San Elizario on April 30, 1598.
An account by Captain Gaspar Perez de Villagra, the chronicler of the expedition and translated in C.L. Sonnichsen’s “Pass of the North,” Volume I, reads:
To the miserable travelers the tree-lined river bank was a heavenly place. Its bountiful waters teamed with many fish, and we easily caught a great number.
The hunters then shot a large number of ducks and geese...We built a great bonfire and roasted meat and fish, and then all sat down to a great repast the like of which we had never enjoyed before.
The colonists had reason to celebrate after an arduous 700-mile journey, which began in the town of Santa Barbara, Mexico in January 1598. Thirst and hunger were ever present as they struggled north through the Chihuahuan Desert. Reaching the banks of the Rio Grande was a cause for great joy and thanksgiving!
After the celebration and a few days of rest, the three-mile caravan of colonizers with their 7,000 domestic animals and more than 100 rumbling carts left the area on May 4, 1598.
Continuing north with friendly Manso Indians leading them upstream, they crossed the Rio Grande at an ancient ford near the present day site of La Hacienda Cafè and UTEP.
The Mansos assisted with the hazardous crossing as the Spanish colonizers continued their journey into an unknown world to establish the first European colony in North America.
1607. Thanksgiving services were routine in what became the Commonwealth of Virginia as early as 1607,
1607; Maine, too, stakes a claim to the first Thanksgiving on the basis of a service held by colonists on August 9, 1607, to give thanks for a safe voyage.
1610. the first permanent settlement of Jamestown, Virginia holding a thanksgiving in 1610.
1610; Virginians are convinced their ancestors celebrated the first Thanksgiving when Jamestown settlers in 1610 held a service of thanksgiving for their survival of a harsh winter.
1619. Another early event was held in 1619 in the Virginia Colony.
An earlier colonial one happened on Dec. 4, 1619, a year before the Pilgrims would arrive at Plymouth Rock, when colonists landed on what's now the coast of Virginia to found Berkeley Hundred (now Charles City). They were under strict orders from the London Company about what to do when they got there: "We ordaine that the day of our ships arrival … shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God," read the edict. The Pilgrims might have feasted, but these colonists used the word "thanksgiving" first.
In 1619, 38 English settlers arrived at Berkeley Hundred in Charles City County, Virginia. The group's London Company charter specifically required "that the day of our ships arrival at the place assigned... in the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God."[13][14] Three years later, after the Indian massacre of 1622, the Berkeley Hundred site and other outlying locations were abandoned and colonists moved their celebration to Jamestown and other more secure spots.
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Mohegan Sun is one of the largest casinos in the United States, with 364,000 square feet (33,800 square meters) of gambling space.[1][2] It is located on 240 acres (97 ha) along the banks of the Thames River in Uncasville, Connecticut. It is in the foothills of southeastern
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Since its inception, the Dutch East India Company had been in competition with its counterpart, the English East India Company, founded two years earlier but with a capital base eight times smaller,[39] for the same goods and markets in the East. In 1619, the rivalry resulted in the Amboyna massacre, when several English Company men were executed by agents of the Dutch. The event remained a source of English resentment for several decades, and indeed was used as a cause célèbre as late as the Second Anglo-Dutch War in the 1660s; nevertheless, in the late 1620s the English Company shifted its focus from Indonesia to India. The Amboyna massacre[1] was the 1623 torture and execution on Ambon Island (present-day Maluku, Indonesia) of twenty men, including ten of whom were in the service of the English East India Company, and Japanese and Portuguese traders, by agents of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), on accusations of treason. It was the result of the intense rivalry between the East India companies of England and the United Provinces in the spice trade and remained a source of tension between the two nations until late in the 17th century.
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1653 war was being waged between Holland and England and the American colonies were authorized by Parliament to open hostilities against the Dutch. Captain John Underhill, bearing a commission from the Providence Plantation, came to Hartford and pasted the following notice on the doors of the “House of Hope”:
“I, John Underhill, do seize this house and land for the State of England, by virtue of the commission granted by the Providence Plantation.”
Soon after, the General Court of Connecticut sequestered the Dutch property in Hartford by its own authority. In a few months after this peace was declared; the Dutch, or nearly all of them, moved to New York. Underhill conveyed the real estate to two citizens of Hartford and the name “Dutch Point” was about all that remained to testify to the former occupation of land in the city of Hartford by citizens of Holland.
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1621 wasn't a "thanksgiving" day; business military alliance; Massasoit & Wampanoag invited themselves over;
the pilgrims didnt even have enuf food; native americans had to go get some more;
that overly celebrated thankgiving meal; white-tailed deer; & fowl; & grain; & indian corn;
America wasn't founded by christians; w judeo-christian values;
America was taken over by illegal white protestant immigrant terrorists;
The Mohegan in particular treated their Pequot captives so severely that colonial officials of Connecticut Colony eventually removed them.
Connecticut established two reservations for the Pequot in 1683: the Eastern Pequot Reservation at North Stonington, Connecticut and the Western Pequot, or Mashantucket Pequot Reservation in Ledyard. While the land bases of the two tribes have been much reduced, the two groups have held on to their land and maintained community continuity.
Sarah Hale; uncovered this 1 incredible decent thing whites did w natives & resurrected it;
1863 Abe Lincoln adopted Thanksgiving as our national holiday, thinking it wise to whitewash th history of historic American purpose of giving "thanks" as a Christian prayer to the gods taht native Americans were genocided.
cover up the massacres & genocide.
Abe Lincoln killed 38 souix natives;
1865; Sand Creek Massacre:
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The intention of the English expedition against Block Island is stated by Winthrop as "to put to death the men of Block Island, but to spare the women and children, and to bring them away, and to take possession of the island; and from thence to go to the Pequods to demand the murderers of Capt. Stone and other English, and one thousand fathom of wampom for damages, etc., and some of their children as hostages, which if they should refuse, they were to obtain it by force." This clearly goes far beyond just putting to death Oldham's killers, or other murderers. On August 24, 1636 Captain Endecott departed for Block Island with about 100 men. They spent two days searching the island, but most inhabitants had hidden in the forest. The soldiers burnt their deserted villages and the corn that they found, and then sailed for the Pequot harbor. Upon arrival they informed the Pequot of their demands.
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1636; A Pequot messenger told them the sachem would meet with them if both sides would lay down their weapons, but the English refused to believe this and decided to attack. When the Pequot refused to fight a European-style open battle, English troops burnt the Pequot houses, killing 13 and wounding 40 Pequot, and destroyed their crops and canoes. In retaliation,
the Pequot began a series of kidnappings, murders, and tortures of colonists in Connecticut, and also besieged Fort Saybrook. Sassacus tried to persuade the Narragansett to ally with the Pequot against the English. But, in
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Pequot... Piqua!?!; perhaps pekowi shawnee; Peter Chartier & Tecumseh & Puckshinwah; eskippakithiki, fought at Fort Necessity;
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goose or duck was the wildfowl of choice. In her research, she has found that swan and passenger pigeons would have been available as well. “Passenger pigeons—extinct in the wild for over a century now—were so thick in the 1620s, they said you could hear them a quarter-hour before you saw them,” says Wall. “They say a man could shoot at the birds in flight and bring down 200.”
Small birds were often spit-roasted, while larger birds were boiled
Pilgrims instead stuffed birds with chunks of onion and herbs. “There is a wonderful stuffing for goose in the 17th-century that is just shelled chestnuts,
birds that are roasted one day, the remains of them are all thrown in a pot and boiled up to make broth the next day. That broth thickened with grain to make a pottage.”
In addition to wildfowl and deer, the colonists and Wampanoag probably ate eels and shellfish, such as lobster, clams and mussels. “They were drying shellfish and smoking other sorts of fish,” says Wall.
The forest provided chestnuts, walnuts and beechnuts. “They grew flint corn (multicolored Indian corn), and that was their staple. They grew beans, which they used from when they were small and green until when they were mature,” says Wall. “They also had different sorts of pumpkins or squashes.”
As we are taught in school, the Indians showed the colonists how to plant native crops. “The English colonists plant gardens in March of 1620 and 1621,” says Wall. “We don’t know exactly what’s in those gardens. But in later sources, they talk about turnips, carrots, onions, garlic and pumpkins as the sorts of things that they were growing.”
White potatoes, originating in South America, and sweet potatoes, from the Caribbean, had yet to infiltrate North America. Also, there would have been no cranberry sauce. It would be another 50 years before an Englishman wrote about boiling cranberries and sugar into a “Sauce to eat with. . . .Meat.” Says Wall: “If there was beer, there were only a couple of gallons for 150 people for three days.” She thinks that to wash it all down the English and Wampanoag drank water.
Edward Winslow’s letter, printed in a pamphlet called Mourt’s Relation, and Governor Bradford’s manuscript, titled Of Plimoth Plantation, were rediscovered and published. Boston clergyman Alexander Young printed Winslow’s letter in his Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers, and in the footnotes to the resurrected letter, he somewhat arbitrarily declared the feast the first Thanksgiving. (Wall and others at Plimoth Plantation prefer to call it “the harvest celebration in 1621.”)
arah Josepha Hale, editor of the popular women’s magazine Godey’s Lady’s Book, , a real trendsetter for running a household, was a leading voice in establishing Thanksgiving as an annual event. Beginning in 1827, Hale petitioned 13 presidents, the last of whom was Abraham Lincoln. She pitched her idea to President Lincoln as a way to unite the country in the midst of the Civil War, and, in 1863, he made Thanksgiving a national holiday.
Throughout her campaign, Hale printed Thanksgiving recipes and menus in Godey’s Lady’s Book. She also published close to a dozen cookbooks. “She is really planting this idea in the heads of lots of women that this is something they should want to do,” says Wall. “So when there finally is a national day of Thanksgiving, there is a whole body of women who are ready for it, who know what to do because she told them. A lot of the food that we think of—roast turkey with sage dressing, creamed onions, mashed turnips, even some of the mashed potato dishes, which were kind of exotic then—are there.”
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-was-on-the-menu-at-the-first-thanksgiving-511554
@SmithsonianMag
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1637
March 1637, Miantonomo allied the Narragansett with the English, "solemnizing the treaty with a gift of wampum and the severed hand of a Pequot brave".
April 18 1637, the English prepared for war against the Pequot (a levy to raise funds for it was authorized April 18; further troops were sent to Saybrook). The Pequot were further provoked by the English taking land belonging to Sowheag, a sachem. SOWHEAG;
April 23, a band of Pequots attacked settlers working in a field near Wethersfield, killing 7 men, 1 woman, and 1 child, and taking 2 girls captive.
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1923. John Oldham was an early arrival to the new colony in 1623.
Oldham refused to stand watch, provoked Miles Standish and raged at him as a “beggarly rascal.” With little in common with the Pilgrims, Oldham’s pugnacious nature was his defining characteristic. Shortly after arriving, Oldham and other malcontents wrote to England of their complaints against the Pilgrims and the new, godly world they were trying to construct. He complained of their religious practices, the bad water, thievery in the community and too many mosquitoes.
Bradford intercepted Oldham’s letters, and when they were shipped to England a reply to the complaints from Bradford accompanied them. He wrote a point-by-point rebuttal and the sarcastic observation that men like Oldham were “too delicate and unfit to begin new plantations and colonies . . . till at least they be mosquito-proof.”
Oldham was furious when he learned Bradford had intercepted his letters, and his angry and quarrelsome nature sealed his fate.
While the Pilgrims needed manpower and knew there was strength in numbers, they weren’t desperate enough to need a man like Oldham. They banished him from Plymouth in 1624.
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They banished him from Plymouth in 1624. At first, Oldham flourished under his new freedom. Liberated from the Pilgrims' taxes and rules, he settled at Nantasket and would go on to be one of the founders of Wethersfield, Connecticut.
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July 1636, his ship was waylaid by American Indians, probably Narragansetts, on a trading trip to Block Island. He and several members of his crew were killed. His two nephews were returned to land. His death was a flashpoint in the ongoing friction between some of the Indians and the colonists over trade and other matters.
The Narragansetts convinced the colonists that the Pequot tribe was harboring the Indians who killed Oldham. Though it was perfectly plausible that Oldham provoked the fight that killed him, ministers throughout Massachusetts were speaking out against the murders. Massachusetts Governor John Endecott was ordered to retaliate.
Ninety men invaded Block Island, and killed one Indian there, and thus started the Pequot War that wouldn’t end until 1638.
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Winthrop says that the Pequot admitted killing Stone, and said that it was to free two of their own men whom Stone had bound and forcibly made to show him the way up the river, and then: "he with two others and the two Indians, (their hands still bound,) went on shore, and nine of their men watched them, and when they were on sleep in the night, they killed them; then going towards the pinnace to have taken that, it suddenly blew up into the air. This was related with such confidence and gravity, as, having no means to contradict it, we inclined to believe it."
Oldham was a supporter of Lyford, and the two of them stirred up dissension and trouble in Plymouth, according to the accounts of Pilgrim leader William Bradford. Oldham and Lyford secretly wrote letters back to England disparaging and slandering the Pilgrims. Bradford intercepted some of these letters but did not mention it immediately to Oldham or Lyford.
John Oldham next refused to stand his scheduled watch (a communal duty expected of all the men) and began to be insolent to the Pilgrims' military advisor Miles Standish.
John Oldham then drew his knife on Miles Standish unprovoked, and angrily denounced him as a "beggarly rascal". Lyford and Oldham were put on trial for "plotting against them and disturbing their peace, both in respects of their civil and church state," and they were banished from Plymouth.
1630. By the 1630s, the Iroquois had become fully armed with European weaponry through their trade with the Dutch.the Iroquois began to conquer their smaller neighbors. They attacked the Wenro in 1638 and took all of their territory. Survivors fled to the Hurons for refuge. The Wenro had served as a buffer between the Iroquois and the Neutral tribe and Erie allies. These two tribes were considerably larger and more powerful than the Iroquois. With expansion to the west blocked, the Iroquois turned their attention to the north.[12] The Dutch also encouraged the Iroquois in this strategy. At that time, the
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The conflict subsided with the loss by the Iroquois of their Dutch allies in the New Netherland (later lower New York State) colony after England took it over in 1664, with Fort Amsterdam and the town of New Amsterdam, renaming it New York, and with French objective of gaining the Iroquois as an ally against English encroachment. After the Iroquois became trading partners with the English, their alliance was a crucial component of the later English western and northern expansion leading to the French and Indian War (1754-1763). The English/British also used the Iroquois conquests as a claim to the later old Northwest Territory, of the United States, northwest of the Ohio River and around the Great Lakes.
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Although the Netherlands only controlled the Hudson River Valley from 1609 until 1664, in that short time, Dutch entrepreneurs established New Netherland, a series of trading posts, towns, and forts up and down the Hudson River that laid the groundwork for towns that still exist today. Fort Orange, the northernmost of the Dutch outposts, is known today as Albany; New York City's original name was New Amsterdam, and the New Netherland's third major settlement, Wiltwyck, is known today as Kingston. Unlike New York City and Albany, however, where the traces of colonization can be difficult to find, in Kingston, the history of New York's Dutch colonization is quite evident.
\
609, two years after English settlers established the colony of Jamestown in Virginia, the Dutch East India Company hired English sailor Henry Hudson to find a northeast passage to India. After unsuccessfully searching for a route above Norway, Hudson turned his ship west and sailed across the Atlantic. Hudson hoped to discover a "northwest passage," that would allow a ship to cross the entirety of the North American continent and gain access to the Pacific Ocean, and from there, India. After arriving off the coast of Cape Cod, Hudson eventually sailed into the mouth of a large river, today called the Hudson River. Making his way as far as present-day Albany before the river became too shallow for his ship to continue north, Hudson returned to Europe and claimed the entire Hudson River Valley for his Dutch employers.
After unsuccessful efforts at colonization, the Dutch Parliament chartered the "West India Company," a national-joint stock company that would organize and oversee all Dutch ventures in the Western Hemisphere. Sponsored by the West India Company, 30 families arrived in North America in 1624, establishing a settlement on present-day Manhattan. Much like English colonists in Virginia, however, the Dutch settlers did not take much of an interest in agriculture, and focused on the more lucrative fur trade. In 1626, Director General Peter Minuit arrived in Manhattan, charged by the West India Company with the task of administering the struggling colony. Minuit "purchased" Manhattan Island from Native American Indians for the now legendary price of 60 guilders, formally established New Amsterdam, and consolidated and strengthened a fort located far up the Hudson River, named Fort Orange. The colony grew slowly, as settlers, responding to generous land-grant and trade policies, slowly spread north up the Hudson River.
In the upper reaches of the Hudson Valley around Fort Orange, (present-day Albany) where the needs of the profitable fur trade required a careful policy of appeasement with the Iroquois Confederacy; In the 1630s and early 1640s, the Dutch Director Generals carried on a brutal series of campaigns against the area's Native Americans, largely succeeding in crushing the strength of the "River Indians," but also managing to create a bitter atmosphere of tension and suspicion between European settlers and Native Americans.
1640 marked a turning point for the colony. The West India Company gave up its trade monopoly, enabling other businessmen to invest in New Netherland. Profits flowed to Amsterdam, encouraging new economic activity in the production of food, timber, tobacco, and eventually, slaves. In 1647, the most successful of the Dutch Director Generals arrived in New Amsterdam. Peter Stuyvesant found New Netherland in disarray.
Wiltwyck, the second large settlement established north of New Amsterdam, grew quickly, the very successes of the Stuyvesant administration put New Netherland in danger. The colony was proving quite profitable, New Amsterdam had developed into a port town of 1500 citizens, and the incredibly diverse population (only 50 percent were actually Dutch colonists) of the colony had grown from 2,000 in 1655 to almost 9,000 in 1664.
The Dutch lost New Netherland to the English during the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1664 only a few years after the establishment of Wiltwyck. Along the West Coast of Africa, British charter companies clashed with the forces of the Dutch West India Company over rights to slaves, ivory, and gold in 1663. Less about slaves or ivory, the Anglo-Dutch Wars were actually more about who would be the dominant European naval power. By 1664, both the Dutch and English were preparing for war, and King Charles of England granted his brother, James, Duke of York, vast American territories that included all of New Netherland. James immediately raised a small fleet and sent it to New Amsterdam. Director General Stuyvesant, without a fleet or any real army to defend the colony, was forced to surrender the colony to the English war fleet without a struggle.
the first Dutch settlement in the Americas was founded in 1615: Fort Nassau, on Castle Island along the Hudson, near present-day Albany. The settlement served mostly as an outpost for trading in fur with the native Lenape tribespeople, but was later replaced by Fort Orange. Both forts were named in honor of the House of Orange-Nassau.
By 1621, the United Provinces had charted a new company, a trading monopoly in the Americas and West Africa: the Dutch West India Company (Westindische Compagnie or WIC). The WIC sought recognition as founders of the New World – which they ultimately did as founders of a new Province in 1623, New Netherland. That year, another Fort Nassau was built on the Delaware River near Gloucester City, New Jersey.
On the Connecticut River, Fort Huys de Goede Hoop was completed in 1633 at present day Hartford. By 1636, the English from Newtown (now Cambridge, Massachusetts) settled on the north side of the Little River. In the Treaty of Hartford, the border of New Netherland was retracted to western Connecticut and by 1653, the English had overtaken the Dutch trading post.
Expansion along the Delaware River beyond Fort Nassau did not begin until the 1650s, after the takeover of a Swedish colony, obviously called New Sweden which had been established at Fort Christina in 1638. Settlements at Fort Nassau and the short-lived Fort Beversreede were abandoned and consolidated at Fort Casimir. By 1655 Fort Christina, sitting in what is today Wilmington, had already been renamed Fort Altena.
Not all inhabitants of New Netherlands, Manahattan's first European colonizers, were ethnically Dutch, but in reality came from many European countries. Along with the large number of African native peoples—originally brought over bound by the shackles of slavehood—many
New Netherlanders were
Walloons, Huguenots, Germans, Scandinavian and English relocated from New England.
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The DUTCH;
In 1621, the Dutch West India Company was founded. Between 1621 and 1623, orders were given to the private, commercial traders to vacate the territory, thus opening up the territory to Dutch settlers and company traders. It also allowed the laws and ordinances of the states of Holland to apply. Previously, during the private, commercial period, only the law of the ship had applied.
March 1638, Swedish colonists led by Peter Minuit landed in what is today Wilmington, Delaware, proclaiming the west bank of the Delaware River to be "New Sweden". The Susquehannock were mistrustful of the Dutch due to their close alliance with the Susquehannocks' rivals the Iroquois Confederation. They had lost their English trading partner when the new colony of Maryland had forced out William Claiborne's trading network centered on Kent Island. The Susquehannock quickly became New Sweden's main supplier of furs and pelts and customers for European manufactured goods. In the process, New Sweden became a protectorate and tributory of the Susquehannock nation, which was perhaps the leading power on the Eastern seaboard at the time. New Sweden (Swedish: Nya Sverige, Finnish: Uusi Ruotsi, Latin: Nova Svecia) was a Swedish colony along the lower reaches of the Delaware River in North America from 1638 to 1655,[1] established during the devastating Thirty Years' War when Sweden was a significant Northern European military power. New Sweden was one part of Swedish colonization efforts in the Americas.
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love all things americas, all things of this land, of this nation, of this continent;
-indigenous plants are cool, b/c we can eat them, without killing them, at least most of them, & we can always plant more plants; who ever heard of anybody protesting against plants, besides Nixon's War on Drugs, going strong since 1973?
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Plants Indigenous To Amerika:
-Peanut (Peanut Butter, etc).
-Crab apples, "common apples";
Tomato;
Potato, Sweet Potatoes; mashed potatoes;
Corn; corn meal; a batter for a fried food, such as corn dogs fried fish; corn fritters, cornbread, hushpuppies, jonnycakes, or spoonbread
a breakfast cereal ingredient; Cheese curl-type snack foods, such as Cheetos and Cheezies; In corn chips such as Fritos, but not tortilla chips or corn tortillas, which are made from nixtamalized maize flour
Wild Rice;
Chili peppers, hot peppers, green bell peppers;
Pecans; Algonquin word “all nuts requiring a stone to crack”; Pequot were Algonquin-speakers; Pecans & Coco beans were $$$; modern day Pecan trees came from the clever grafting of superior wild pecan trees to seedling pecan stocks in 1876 by Antoine, the Black slave garderner from louisiana. Antoine called the new pecan trees the "Centennials", since they were planted in 1876; Colorado became a state in 1876, in spite of Confederates tryna muck that up, & we're nicknamed the centennial state b/c of it.
-Chocolate (seeds of the cacao tree); Theobroma cacao seeds; Theobroma cacao, also called the cacao tree and the cocoa tree, is a small (4–8 m (13–26 ft) tall) evergreen tree in the family Malvaceae, native to the deep tropical regions of Central and South America. Its seeds, cocoa beans, are used to make cocoa mass, cocoa powder, confectionery, ganache and chocolate.
-Vanilla; (Mexico); Hernán Cortés intro both vanilla and chocolate to Europe in the 1520s; Vanilla is the second-most expensive spice after saffron, because growing the vanilla seed pods is labor-intensive. In 1841, Edmond Albius, a slave who lived on the French island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean, discovered at the age of 12 that the plant could be hand-pollinated. Hand-pollination allowed global cultivation of the plant.
Tobacco; used to be a vaccination for the Ebola virus;
Pumpkin; spice latte; pie;
passion fruit; a vine species of passion flower that is native to southern Brazil through Paraguay to northern Argentina;
Advocado; Papaya; beans, squash, zucchinni; berries; nuts; acorns;
sunflowers;
Pineapple;
cranberry
Hemp; Tuscarora (in Tuscarora Skarù:ręˀ, "hemp gatherers"[2] or "Shirt-Wearing People"[3])
Chia; Salvia hispanica, commonly known as chia, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, native to central and southern Mexico and Guatemala. economic historians say it may have been as important as maize as a food crop. It was given as an annual tribute by the people to the rulers in 21 of the 38 Aztec provincial states. Chia is grown commercially for its seed, a food rich in omega-3 fatty acids since the seeds yield 25–30% extractable oil, including α-linolenic acid. Chia Pets. These "pets" come in the form of clay figures that serve as a base for a sticky paste of chia seeds; the figures then are watered and the seeds sprout into a form suggesting a fur covering for the figure. About 500,000 chia pets a year are sold in the US as novelties or house plants.
maple; The distinctive fruits are called samaras, "maple keys", "helicopters", "whirlybirds" or "polynoses".
The Sugar maple (A. saccharum) is tapped for sap, which is then boiled to produce maple syrup or made into maple sugar or maple taffy. It takes about 40 litres (42 US qt) of sugar maple sap to make 1 litre (1.1 US qt) of syrup.
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"The 12th of the 8th m. was ordered to bee kept a day of publicke thanksgiving to God for his great m'cies in subdewing the Pecoits, bringing the soldiers in safety, the successe of the conference, & good news from Germany." ~[[Nathaniel Shurtleff, ed. Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, Vol I. Boston, 1853. p.204. August 12th; 1637]]
Winthrop's journal entry for this day is:
"A day of thanksgiving kept in all the churches for our victories against the Pequots, and for the success of the assembly"; [[but by reason of this latter, some of Boston would not be present at the public exercises. The captains and soldiers who had been in the late service were feasted, and after the sermon the magistrates and elders accompanied them to the door of the house where they dined." ~The Journal of John Winthrop 1630 - 1649. Abridged edition. Richard S. Dunn & Laetitia Yeandle, ed. p. 130 - 131.]]
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'When I break your staff of bread, ten women will bake your bread in one oven, and they will bring back your bread in rationed amounts, so that you will eat and not be satisfied. 27Yet if in spite of this you do not obey Me, but act with hostility against Me, Then in my anger I will be hostile toward you, and I myself will punish you for your sins seven times over. And ye shall eat the flesh of your sons and the flesh of your daughters shall ye eat ~Leviticus 26:28-29
wait... what?
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The colony was conceived by the Dutch West India Company (WIC) in 1621 to capitalise on the North American fur trade. During its first decades, New Netherland was settled rather slowly, stemming both from policy mismanagement by the WIC as well as conflicts with American Indians. The settlement of
When the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was founded in 1602, some traders in Amsterdam did not agree with its monopolistic politics. With help from Petrus Plancius, a Dutch-Flemish astronomer, cartographer and clergyman, they sought for a northeastern or northwestern access to Asia to circumvent the VOC monopoly. In 1609 English explorer Henry Hudson, in employment of the VOC, landed on the coast of New England and sailed up what is now known as the Hudson River, in his quest for the Northwest Passage to Asia. However, he failed to find a passage. Consequently, in 1615 Isaac Le Maire and Samuel Blommaert, assisted by others, focused on finding a south-westerly route around South America's Tierra del Fuego archipelago, in order to circumvent the monopoly of the VOC.
One of the first sailors who focused on trade with Africa was Balthazar de Moucheron. The trade with Africa offered several possibilities to set up trading posts or factories, an important starting point for negotiations. It was Blommaert, however, who stated that in 1600 eight companies sailed on the coast of Africa, compe
The Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded by the owners of the Massachusetts Bay Company, which included investors in the failed Dorchester Company that had established a short-lived settlement on Cape Ann in 1623. The colony began in 1628 and was the company's second attempt at colonization. It was successful, with about 20,000 people migrating to New England in the 1630s. The population was strongly Puritan, and its governance was dominated by a small group of leaders who were strongly influenced by Puritan religious leaders. Its governors were elected, and the electorate were limited to freemen who had been examined for their religious views and formally admitted to the local church. As a consequence, the colonial leadership exhibited intolerance to other religious views, including Anglican, Quaker, and Baptist theologies.
December 1620, a group of Pilgrims established Plymouth Colony just to the south of Massachusetts Bay, seeking to preserve their cultural identity and attain religious independence. Plymouth's colonists faced great hardships and earned few profits for their investors, who sold their interests to the settlers in 1627.[13] Edward Winslow and William Bradford, two of its leaders, were likely authors of a work published in England in 1622 called Mourt's Relation. This book in some ways resembles a promotional tract intended to encourage further migration.[14] There were other short-lived colonial settlements in 1623 and 1624 at present-day Weymouth, Massachusetts; the Wessagusset Colony of Thomas Weston and an effort by Robert Gorges to establish an overarching colonial structure both failed
"A City upon a Hill" is a phrase from the parable of Salt and Light in Jesus's Sermon on the Mount. In Matthew 5:14, he tells his listeners, "You are the light of the world. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hidden." It has become popular with American politicians.
The phrase entered the American lexicon early in its colonial history through the 1630 sermon "A Model of Christian Charity" preached by Puritan John Winthrop while still aboard the ship Arbella. Winthrop admonished the future Massachusetts Bay colonists that their new community would be "as a city upon a hill", watched by the world—which became the ideal that the New England colonists placed upon their hilly capital city of Boston.[1] The Puritans' community in New England would set an example of communal charity, affection, and unity to the world or, if the Puritans failed to uphold their covenant of God, "we shall be made a story and a by-word through the world" of God's judgment. Winthrop's sermon is often cited as an early example of American exceptionalism.
The Pilgrims, who set sail from Plymouth, England on a ship known as the Mayflower on September 6, 1620, had been bound for the imaginative ‘New global’. The Mayflower became a small deliver crowded with guys, girls and youngsters, except the sailors on board. Aboard have been passengers comprising the ‘separatists’, who referred to as themselves the “Saints”, and others, whom the separatists called the “Strangers”.
After land was sighted in November following 66 days of a lethal voyage, a assembly become held and an agreement of truce was worked out. It changed into known as the Mayflower Compact. The agreement assured equality many of the members of the 2 businesses. They merged collectively to be diagnosed because the “Pilgrims.” They elected John Carver as their first governor.
New Amsterdam (Dutch: Nieuw Amsterdam) was a 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island that served as the seat of the colonial government in New Netherland. The factorij became a settlement outside Fort Amsterdam. The fort was situated on the strategic southern tip of the island of Manhattan and was meant to defend the fur trade operations of the Dutch West India Company in the North River (Hudson River). In 1624, it became a provincial extension of the Dutch Republic and was designated as the capital of the province in 1625.
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The first officially declard English Thanksgiving happened in 1637 & it coincides w/ the Pequot genocide aka the Pequot war 1636 - 1638;
the last of the mohicans?; no, it was the last of the Pequot, & the Mohicans helped.
The Pequot war would see the end of the Pequot forever & ever; fkn genocide, like what's happening in Yemen & Myanmar right now;
pequot war saw over 1,500 Pequot murdered;
literal genocide & a cultural genocide too;
Treaty of Hartford of sept 21, 1638 said that nobody could speak the name of the Pequot ever again. all pequot towns & villages were outlawed, & remaining pequot were given to narrangassett or mohegan or bermuda;
sold to Bermuda & other caribbean islands as slaves;
never to come back to fk w/ english;
Hitler admired the assymetrical warfare of how the British slaughtered the horseless & gunless & unsuspecting natives;
May 1644; Underhill took up residence in New Amsterdam. Later that year John the Butcher Underhill led New Amsterdam's forces. The Indians on Long Island built a fort called Fort Neck in what is now Massapequa. Underhill attacked and burned the Massapequan fort, killing 120 American natives.
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Massasoit shows up with 90 Wampanoag/Pokanoket; Massasoit shakes William Bradford & company down. He finds out who they are. He finds out what they want. Massasoit then makes a political/military alliance with them. Bradford gets to keep the Patuxet lands they landed on, as long as Bradford stays allies with Massasoit.
Massasoit, once an agreement has been made, a 3 day Green Corn festival takes place.
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AFTER 1640:
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1643; Kieft hired the military commander Captain John Underhill, who recruited militia on Long Island to kill the American Natives there and in Connecticut. His forces killed more than 1,000 Natives including the 500 to 700 killed in the Pound Ridge Massacre.
February full moon; 1643;
the moon was ten at the full and threw a strong light against the mountain, so that many winter's days were not clearer than it was then. On arriving, the enemy was found on alert and on their guard, so that our people determined to charge and surround the huts, sword in hand. The Indians behaved like soldiers, deployed in small bands, so we had in a short time one dead and twelve wounded. They were likewise so hard pressed that it was impossible for one to escape. Ina brief period of time, one hundred and eighty were counted dead outside their houses. Presently none durst come forth, keeping themselves within the houses, discharging arrows through the holes. The General, seeing that nothing else was to be done, resolved with
Sergeant Major Underhill, to set fire to the huts. Whereupon the Indians tried every way to escape, not succeeding in which they returned back to the flames, preferring to perish by fire than to die by our hands.
"What was most wonderful is, that among the vast collection of men, women and children, not one was heard to cry or scream. According to the report of the Indians themselves, the number then destroyed exceeding five hundred. Some say, full 700, among whom were also 25 Wappingers, our God having collected together there the greater number of our enemies, to celebrate one of their festivals. No more than eight men in all escaped, of whom even three were severely wounded.
A thanksgiving was proclaimed on their arrival.
1655, the nearby colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River was forcibly absorbed into New Netherland after ships and soldiers were sent to capture it by the Dutch governor, Pieter Stuyvesant.
By 1655, the population of New Netherland had grown to 2,000 people, with 1,500 living in New Amsterdam. Prior to 1664, the population had exploded in nine years to almost 9,000 people in New Netherland, 2,500 of whom lived in New Amsterdam, 1,000 lived near Fort Orange, and the difference made up other towns and villages.[1]
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reactions of a very religious people who considered what happened to them as signs either of God's pleasure or displeasure with them
1777; The first American national day of thanksgiving, where all 13 colonies joined together in thanking God for the victory over the British at Saratoga, was declared by the Continental Congress on November 1, 1777.
1779, December 9: "Whereas it becomes us humbly to approach the throne of Almighty God... that he hath gone with those who went out into the wilderness against the savage tribes;"
James Madison declared two Thanksgiving days in 1815. Of the early presidents, Washington, Adams, and Madison were the only ones to declare national days of Thanksgiving. In each case, they were individual, not annual, observances
The Confederate Congress declared a Thanksgiving service for July 28, 1861 for their victory at Bull Run, and another for September 18, 1862, for the Second Battle at Bull Run;;
But national Thanksgiving proclamations did not become an annual tradition until Abraham Lincoln's Proclamation of 1863. On April 13, 1862, Lincoln declared a Thanksgiving day for the Union victory at Shiloh.
Lincoln declared another national Thanksgiving for August 6, 1863, for the Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg. On October 3, 1863, Lincoln declared a second Thanksgiving for that year to be on the last Thursday in November, this time not just for a specific event, but for God's goodness and blessings in general.
Since 1863, Presidential Thanksgiving proclamations have been an annual tradition. Sarah Josepha Hale, a magazine editor, had been writing editorials and letters to governors and presidents campaigning for an annual national day of Thanksgiving for many years (different sources say 20 to 40) when Lincoln made his proclamations. On October 20, 1864, Lincoln again set the final Thursday in November as a national Thanksgiving Day. Andrew Johnson followed with a Thanksgiving on December 7, 1865 (celebrating the Union victory). Since then each President has issued annual proclamations of national Thanksgiving. Most were for the last Thursday in November until 1939, when Franklin Roosevelt moved Thanksgiving one week earlier to allow for a longer Christmas retail season. Public uproar against this decision caused him to move it back in 1941. On November 26, 1941, Roosevelt signed a bill that established the fourth Thursday in November as the national legal holiday of Thanksgiving.
events were thanks being given for? Many things, such as rain to end a drought, and safe arrival of ships after a difficult voyage; but also many for victory in various wars, some against Indians, and some battles in the War of Independence and the Civil War. None of the Presidential Thanksgiving Proclamations mention the Plymouth Pilgrims or their celebration of 1621 until well after the annual, national Thanksgiving of today was established. (Herbert Hoover's proclamation of 1931 is the first to mention the Pilgrims.)
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"Then you shall eat the offspring of your own body, the flesh of your sons and of your daughters whom the LORD your God has given you, during the siege and the distress by which your enemy will oppress you." ~Deuteronomy 28:53
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1676 proclamation is giving thanks for the English victory in a war that almost wiped out the people who "the first Thanksgiving" of 1621 was supposed to be celebrated with! for expedients adopted by Massachusetts to obtain money to defend the frontiers. Yet the number killed and sold, along with those who escaped, practically destroyed the warring Indians. According to the Massachusetts Records of 1676-1677 a day was set apart for public thanksgiving, because, among other things of moment, “there now scarce remains a name or family of them (the Indians) but are either slain, captivated or fled.” Fifty-five years after the original Thanksgiving Day, the Puritans had destroyed the generous Wampanoag and all other neighboring tribes. The Wampanoag chief King Philip was beheaded. His head was stuck on a pole in Plymouth, where the skull still hung on display 24 years later.
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Lincoln's proclamation of 1863, while having nothing to do with the Pilgrims' first good harvest, shows a deep respect and thankfulness to God, an acknowledgement of national sins, and a plea for God's help to end the Civil War and heal the wounded country.
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After reading Einstein’s papers on general relativity, the astronaut finds out that acceleration cannot be distinguished from gravity and that gravity slows down clocks. Her clock lost time during the acceleration and deceleration periods, and that kept her younger.
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The Mohegan treated their Pequot so badly that by 1655 the English were forced to remove them. Two reservations were established for the Pequot in 1666 and 1683. By 1762 there were only 140 Pequot, and the decline continued until reaching a low-point of 66 in the 1910 census. At present, the State of Connecticut recognizes two Pequot tribes: Mashantucket and Paucatuck. The 600 Paucatuck (Eastern Pequot) have retained the Lantern Hill Reservation (226 acres) at North Stonington but are not federally recognized. The Mashantucket (Western Pequot) received federal recognition in 1983. Created from lands purchased from the profits of a bingo operation and successful land claim settlement, their Ledyard reservation has expanded to 1,800 acres. Dramatic changes occurred after a gambling casino began to generate enormous profits in 1992, and with 320 members, the Mashantucket have suddenly discovered that they have many "long-lost relatives."
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"So we boiled my son and ate him; and I said to her on the next day, 'Give your son, that we may eat him'; but she has hidden her son."
2 Kings 6:29
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Seperatists; food, games and prayer.
The Pilgrims had religious freedom in Holland, where they first arrived in the early 17th century. Like those who settled Jamestown, Va., in 1607, the Pilgrims came to North America to make money, Mr. Loewen said.
“They were also coming here in order to establish a religious theocracy, which they did,” he said. “That’s not exactly the same as coming here for religious freedom. It’s kind of coming here against religious freedom.”
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Shortly after the burning of Fort Mystic, at least 30 male Pequot prisoners were killed by the English. After the war, the prisoners not sold to foreign countries were divided as slaves among the Indian allies of the English. On September 21, 1638, in the Treaty of Hartford, it was declared that: 1.) Survivors of the swamp siege be divided as slaves among the Indian allies: 80 to Uncas and Mohegans, 80 to Miantonomo and Narragansets, 20 to Ninigret and Niantics; 2.) No Pequot may inhabit former Pequot territory; 3.) The name Pequot may not be used, slaves must take the name of the tribe to which they are enslaved. Alden Vaughan states that "Toward the end of 1637 the few remaining sachems begged for an end to the war, promising vassalage in return for their lives. A peace convention was arranged for the following September. With the Treaty of Hartford, signed September 21, 1638, the Pequots ceased to exist as an independent polity". A small remnant of the Pequot tribe did remain. The United Colonies of Connecticut "set aside 8,000 acres as a home for the scattered remnants of the Pequot tribe, the first Indian reservation in the United States". And William Williams talks about "a remnant of the Pequots still existing. They live in the town of Groton, and amount to about forty souls".
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Butcher Underhill;
Underhill; soldier in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Province of New Hampshire, where he also served as governor; the New Haven Colony, New Netherland, and later the Province of New York, settling on Long Island. Hired to train militia in New England;
Early in 1636, John Underhill was sent to Salem to arrest Roger Williams, considered a heretic by the Puritans. But, Roger Williams had already fled to Rhode Island.
In August 1636 Underhill led an expedition to Block Island.
Underhill was removed from office and disfranchised in 1637, banished along with Anne Hutchinson in 1638, and excommunicated in 1640
Dutch Navigator, Captain David Pieterszoon described John Underhill’s slaughter of another village, another native American people, in his journal:
"Infants were torn from their mother’s breasts, and hacked to pieces in the presence of their parents, and pieces thrown into the fire and in the water, and other sucklings, being bound to small boards, were cut, stuck, and pierced, and miserably massacred in a manner to move a heart of stone. Some were thrown into the river, and when the fathers and mothers endeavored to save them, the soldiers would not let them come on land but made both parents and children drown."
Using John Underhill and his mercenaries as their primary enforcer, English and Dutch colonials collaborated strategically to annihilate the Hackensack, Haverstraw, Munsee, Navasink, Raritan and Tappan bands from New Jersey; the Wecquaesgeek, Sintsink, Kitchawank, Nochpeem, Siwanoy, Tankiteke, and Wappinger from east of the Hudson; and the Canarsee, Manhattan, Rockaway, Matinecock, Massapequa (Marsapeque), Secatoag, and Merrick Indians on Long Island.
1640; Governor John Winthrop had written letters to citizens of Dover denouncing Underhill.
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FEB 1644; The Pound Ridge massacre of Delaware aka Lenape;
February 1644, working for the Dutch, Underhill slaughtered an estimated 500 to 700 Lenape, thought to be of the Siwanoy and Wechquaesgeek bands of the Wappinger Confederacy. The killings occurred at a winter village of the natives;
The Pound Ridge massacre was a battle of Kieft's War that took place in March 1644 between the forces of New Netherland and members of the Wappinger Confederacy at a Wappinger Confederacy village in the present-day town of Pound Ridge, New York. A mixed force of 130 Dutch and English soldiers led by Captain John Underhill launched a night attack on the village and destroyed it with fire. 500 to 700 members of the Wappinger Confederacy were killed while the New Netherland force lost one man killed and fifteen wounded. More casualties were suffered in this attack than in any other single incident in the war. Shortly after the battle several local Wappinger Confederacy sachems sued for peace.
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n April 1644, seven savages were arrested at Hempstead on Long Island for killing two or three pigs, although later found that some Englishmen had done it. Kieft sent John Underhill and fifteen or sixteen soldiers to Hempstead, who killed three of the seven in a cellar. John Underhill then put the four remaining Indians in a boat, two of whom were towed behind in the water by a string round their necks. The soldiers drowned these two men and the two unfortunate survivors were detained as prisoners at Fort Amsterdam where they were brutally tortured. A critic of the events, perhaps David DeVries, wrote of Kieft's brutality in the most inflammatory manner possible to drive home his point that Kieft must be recalled:
When (the Indian prisoners) had been kept a long time in the corps de garde, the Director became tired of giving them food any longer and they were delivered to the soldiers to do with as they pleased. The poor unfortunate prisoners were immediately dragged out of the guard house and soon dispatched with knives of from 18 to 20 inches long which Director Kieft had made for his soldiers for such purposes, saying that swords were for use in the huts of the savages, when they went to surprise them; but that these knives were much handier for bowelling them.
The first of these savages having received a frightful wound, desired them to permit him to dance what is called the Kinte Kayce, a religious use observed among them before death; he received however so many wounds that he dropped down dead. The soldiers then cut strips from the other's body, beginning at the calves, up the back, over the shoulders and down to the knees. While this was going on, Governor Kieft, w
Governor Kieft, with his comrade Jan de la Montaigne, a Frenchman, (and Fort physician) stood laughing heartily at the fun and rubbing his right arm, so much delight the took in such scenes. He then ordered it to be taken out of the fort, and the soldiers bringing him to the Beaver's Path, he dancing the Kinte Kayce the entire time, threw him down, cut off his genetales, thrust them in his mouth while still alive, and at last placing him on a mill stone cut off his head . . . What I tell you is true, for by the same token there stood at the same time 24 0r 25 female savages who had been taken prisoner at the N.. point of the fort; and when they saw this bloody spectacle they held up their arms, struck their mouth, and, in their language exclaimed: "For shame! For shame! Such unheard of cruelty was never known, or even thought among us!" The savages have often called out to us from a distance: "what scoundrels you Swanneken are, you do not war upon us, but upon our wives and children who you treacherously murder; whereas we do no harm either to your wives or your children, but feed and take care of them, till we send them back to you again.
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The Pequot War (1637) actually began during the summer of 1636 when another Boston trader, John Oldham, was killed as the western Niantic captured his boat near Block Island. Richard Mather, in a sermon delivered in Boston, denounced the Pequot as the "accursed seeds of Canaan," in effect turning the confrontation in Connecticut into a "holy war" of the Puritans against the forces of darkness. With these fiery words urging them to action, Massachusetts, without bothering to consult the colonists in Connecticut, sent a punitive expedition of 90 men under the command of John Endecott (Endicott) to Block Island in August with orders to kill every man and take the women and children prisoners. The English soldiers managed to kill 14 Niantic and an undetermined number of dogs before they escaped into the woods and then burned the village and crops. Endicott then loaded his men back into the boats and sailed over to Fort Saybrook to add some additional soldiers for the second part of his mission - a visit to the Pequot village at the mouth of the Thames river to demand 1,000 fathoms of wampum for the death of Oldham and several Pequot children as hostages.
His arrival at Saybrook was the first indication the Connecticut colonists had of what had happened and since they would bear the brunt of the Pequot and Niantic retaliation, they were very upset. However, the situation was already beyond repair, so they reluctantly provided Endicott with the few men they could spare. Endicott then sailed up the coast to the Pequot village and came ashore to make his demands. The Pequot were just as stunned to learn what had happened as the English had been at Saybrook but managed to stall while everyone escaped into the woods leaving Endicott with an empty village to destroy. Satisfied he had "chastised" enough heathen for one day, Endicott loaded his men into the boats and returned to Boston. The Pequot, however, had recognized some of the Saybrook soldiers, who expecting a siege afterwards, had stolen their corn. Their fears were soon realized.
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The Pequot War ended where it began, on Block Island. On August 1, 1637 Israel Stoughton pursued refugee bands of Pequot, and sailed to Block Island with a small force to seek satisfaction from the Manisses. Stoughton and his men killed several Manisses and burned several wigwams before the Manisses submitted to English authority.
The Hartford Treaty
The Treaty of Hartford ratified by the English, Mohegan and Narragansett on September 21, 1638 was the official end to the Pequot War. The treaty stipulated that the surviving Pequot were to be dispersed among the Mohegan and Narragansett, and no longer to be called Pequot. The treaty also stipulated that the surviving Pequot would never be allowed to live in their former territory.
there were only 66 by the time of the 1910 census. Currently, there are almost 1,000 Pequot, but things have changed dramatically for the Mashantucket in recent years. Connecticut sold off 600 acres of their reservation without permission in 1856, and a lawsuit filed in 1976 to recover this land resulted in a $700,000 settlement. Federal recognition was received in 1983, and after a successful bingo operation, an incredibly profitable gambling casino was opened in 1992 which has made the Mashantucket Pequot the wealthiest group of Native Americans in the United States. After a 350 year truce, the Mashantucket may actually have won the Pequot War.
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Governor Willem Kieft,
mass murderer Underhill, the Marsapeque Indians of Long Island built a fort called Fort Neck located in modern-day Massapequa. Underhill attacked and burned the Marsapeque fort, killing hundreds of Indians.
When negotiating with Takapausha, the interpreter translated “purchase the land” to “share hunting grounds” which was the closest metaphor that could be expressed in the Algonquian language of the Long Island Indians. Takapausha asserted that he sold the Dutch the use of the land, but not the land itself.
February 1644, still under Dutch contract, Underhill continued his Indian killing ways. He and his mercenaries slaughtered an estimated 500 to 700 Indians from the Siwanoy and Wechquaesgeek groups of the Wappinger Confederacy. The killings occurred at a winter village of the Indians located in present-day Pound Ridge, in Westchester County, New York. Underhill’s army also attacked Indian encampments north of Stamford, Connecticut, killing some 700 Indians in a single day
1638; 1st Munsee War; Less than a year after Mystic, Underhill and his militia launched a surprise attack on a Munsee village in what is now Westchester County, New York wiping out the entire village, killing over five hundred Munsee Indians. For this, he was credited with ending what was later designated The First Munsee War.
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AFTERMATH; Winthrop;Happy were they who could bring their heads into the English; came everyday to Windsor or Hartford;
This day forth shall be a day of celebration and thanksgiving for subduing the Pequots, read
“‘Thanksgiving Day'” was first proclaimed by the in 1637,” as from Newell, which was John Winthrop.
from 1620 onward the Pequot and British settlers lived side by side in mutual helpfulness and peaceful trade. Gradually, however, Pequot resentment swelled as increasing numbers of colonists encroached upon the tribe’s customary territory. The Pequot were concerned regarding these intrusions because their territory had already been reduced to the region between Narragansett Bay and the Connecticut River. The Pequot eventually promised all tribal trade to the Dutch, a course of action much resented by the British.
Before the Pequot War (1636-1637), Pequot territory was approximately 250 square miles in southeastern Connecticut. Today, this area includes the towns of Groton, Ledyard, Stonington, North Stonington and southern parts of Preston and Griswold. The Thames and Pawcatuck Rivers formed the western and eastern boundaries, Long Island Sound the southern boundary and Preston and Griswold (southern parts) the northern boundary. Some historic sources suggest that Pequot territory extended four to five miles east of the Pawcatuck River to an area called Weekapaug in Charlestown, Rhode Island prior to the Pequot War.
Within this territory during the early 17th century lived some 8,000 Pequot men, women and children (4,000 after the smallpox epidemics of 1633-1634), residing in 15-20 villages of between 50 to 400 people before the war. These villages were located along the estuaries of the Thames, Mystic and Pawcatuck Rivers and along Long Island Sound.
the arrival of the Dutch in 1611 and English in the early 1630’s.
THE GREAT GRAND CONCLUSION; WHAT SHOULD BE DONE WITH THXGVN & WHY;
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"The Holy God having by a long and Continual Series of his Afflictive dispensations in and by the present Warr with the Heathen Natives of this land, written and brought to pass bitter things against his own Covenant people in this wilderness, yet so that we evidently discern that in the midst of his judgements he hath remembered mercy, having remembered his Footstool in the day of his sore displeasure against us for our sins, with many singular Intimations of his Fatherly Compassion, and regard; reserving many of our Towns from Desolation Threatened, and attempted by the Enemy, and giving us especially of late with many of our Confederates many signal Advantages against them, without such Disadvantage to ourselves as formerly we have been sensible of, if it be the Lord's mercy that we are not consumed, It certainly bespeaks our positive Thankfulness, when our Enemies are in any measure disappointed or destroyed; and fearing the Lord should take notice under so many Intimations of his returning mercy, we should be found an Insensible people, as not standing before Him with Thanksgiving, as well as lading him with our Complaints in the time of pressing Afflictions: The Council has thought meet to appoint and set apart the 29th day of this instant June, as a day of Solemn Thanksgiving and praise to God for such his Goodness and Favour, many Particulars of which mercy might be Instanced, but we doubt not those who are sensible of God's Afflictions, have been as diligent to espy him returning to us; and that the Lord may behold us as a People offering Praise and thereby glorifying Him; the Council doth commend it to the Respective Ministers, Elders and people of this Jurisdiction; Solemnly and seriously to keep the same Beseeching that being perswaded by the mercies of God we may all, even this whole people offer up our bodies and soulds as a living and acceptable Service unto God by Jesus Christ." ~William De Loss Love. Fast and Thanksgiving Days of New England. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1895, p. 202.
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william bradford;
snow white pure; lilly white pure; Puritans Christianity were more pure than church of england's christianity; puritan protestants purifying the english protestant church;
anti-Christmas; 1647; no-easter, no-christmas;
Plimouth Plantation;
was anti-catholic; brownist separatist, not a puritan; hated priests, hates churches, hates the pope;
pilgrim william bradford wanted all glory to king james, the homosexual king of the king james bible;
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at that 1621 feast, which wasn't a thanksgiving, wasn't declared one, nobody pretended it was one, had
no turkey;
no Turkey, no stuffing, no green bean casserole, no pumpkin pie;
no tar-tar sauce; no horsey sauce; no thousand island dressing; no ranch dressing; no schezwaun sauce;
no grated parmasean cheese; no jalepeno cheese dipping sauce; no totilla chips;
no big macs;
no sewage, no plumbing, no running water, no clean water;
They didnt even have a table knife in 1637, the gd'd savages.
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Franklin explained that the bald eagle had a “bad moral character” and was a “rank coward” that merely steals from other birds.
In Franklin’s letter from Paris to his daughter, dated January 26, 1784:
I am on this account not displeased that the figure is not known as an Eagle, but looks more like a Turkey. For the truth, the Turkey is in comparison a much more respectable bird, and withal a true original native of America… He is besides, though a little vain and silly, a bird of courage, and would not hesitate to attack a grenadier of the British Guards who should presume to invade his farm yard with a red coat on.
Writing from France on January 26, 1784 to his daughter Sally (Mrs. Sarah Bache) in Philadelphia, Franklin casts doubt on the propriety of using the eagle to symbolize the "brave and honest Cincinnati of America," a newly formed society of revolutionary war officers.
In a letter to his daughter, Benjamin Franklin wrote that the “Bald Eagle...is a Bird of bad moral Character. He does not get his Living honestly…[he] is too lazy to fish for himself.”
About the turkey, Franklin wrote that in comparison to the bald eagle, the turkey is “a much more respectable Bird, and withal a true original Native of America...He is besides, though a little vain & silly, a Bird of Courage.”
"For my own part I wish the Bald Eagle had not been chosen the Representative of our Country. He is a Bird of bad moral Character. He does not get his Living honestly. You may have seen him perched on some dead Tree near the River, where, too lazy to fish for himself, he watches the Labour of the Fishing Hawk; and when that diligent Bird has at length taken a Fish, and is bearing it to his Nest for the Support of his Mate and young Ones, the Bald Eagle pursues him and takes it from him.
"With all this Injustice, he is never in good Case but like those among Men who live by Sharping & Robbing he is generally poor and often very lousy. Besides he is a rank Coward: The little King Bird not bigger than a Sparrow attacks him boldly and drives him out of the District. He is therefore by no means a proper Emblem for the brave and honest Cincinnati of America who have driven all the King birds from our Country...
"I am on this account not displeased that the Figure is not known as a Bald Eagle, but looks more like a Turkey. For the Truth the Turkey is in Comparison a much more respectable Bird, and withal a true original Native of America... He is besides, though a little vain & silly, a Bird of Courage, and would not hesitate to attack a Grenadier of the British Guards who should presume to invade his Farm Yard with a red Coat on."
The original Thanksgiving was marked by prayer and thanks for the untimely deaths of most of the Wampanoag Tribe due to smallpox contracted from earlier European visitors. Thus when the Pilgrims arrived they found the fields already cleared and planted, and they called them their own.
Puppompogs, Sasacus's brother, "at Mohegan." Given to the Mohegan, after the Pequot Incineration. War/Extermination/Incinerated.
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1623 these Hollanders founded a trading post at what is still known as Dutch Point, in the city of Hartford, on the north side of Little River, now known as the Park River.
1623. Governor William Bradford of Plymouth Colony called for a day of solemn prayer to seek God's mercy to end a drought. When they received rain, he proclaimed a day of thanksgiving (in the summer of 1623):
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are you sure you aren't supposed to be eating alligator?
1541; grapes & pecans; Canyon TX; 80 years ago; b4 William Bradford was shaken down by Chief Massasoit's 90 Wampanoag warriors;
1564; Jacksonville, FL; corn, beans, squash and pumpkins (which the Timucua farmed on a limited basis), as well as local fowl, oysters, shrimp, mullet, deer, and, yes, alligator. (Apparently, the Timucua preferred it smoked.)
The group likely also enjoyed fresh cherries, blueberries, blackberries, mulberries and muscadine grapes — although there’s no record of any pie.
57 years before 1621; b4 William Bradford was shaken down by Chief Massasoit's 90 Wampanoag warriors;
shrimp; deer; mullets; alligators;
1565. Florida; Sept 8, 1565; the Thanksgiving meal that the Spaniards and Timucua shared on September 8, 1565;
Spanish: Cocido (a rich stew made with salted pork, garbanzo beans, saffron, cabbage, garlic, & onions), hard sea biscuits and red wine.
Timucuans: local game and fish (wild turkey, venison, alligator, alligator, bear, turtle, shark, mullet, or sea catfish, or maybe tortoise, oysters, clams), along with grains, corn, beans, and squash; grains, corn, beans, and squash; beans and squash.
56 years before 1621, b4 William Bradford was shaken down by Massasoit's 90 Wampanoag warriors;
alligator, bear, turtle, shark, mullet, oysters, clams;
oysters, clams; shark; bear;
alligator;
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new england puritans, outlawed christmas; burned witchs;
1630. Puritans who arrived to establish Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 observed a special day of prayer that is often called the "first Thanksgiving."
1630; The first thanksgiving day of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was July 8, 1630. Ships from England had had a difficult and stormy voyage. On their safe arrival, Governor John Winthrop declared a day of thanksgiving. In his journal, he records:
"We kept a day of thanksgiving in all the plantations." ~The Journal of John Winthrop 1630 - 1649. Abridged edition. Richard S. Dunn & Laetitia Yeandle, ed. p. 30.
The hands of compassionate women Boiled their own children; They became food for them Because of the destruction of the daughter of my people.
Lamentations 4:10
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Pequot and Mohegan Tribes, indian peoples of the Algonquian language group, probably have lived in what is now southeastern Connecticut for several hundred years.
Both the Pequot and the Mohegan were originally a single tribe which migrated to eastern Connecticut from the upper Hudson River Valley in New York, probably the vicinity of Lake Champlain, sometime around 1500.
the Pequot were an agricultural people who raised corn, beans, squash, and tobacco. Hunting, with an emphasis on fish and seafood because of their coastal location, provided the remainder of their diet. Clothing and housing were also similar - buckskin and semi-permanent villages of medium-sized longhouses and wigwams.
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As a trader, Captain Oldham sailed to Virginia and England, but by 1630 he was back in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Oldham was a representative to the General Court of Massachusetts from 1632 to 1634, and was the overseer of shot and powder for Massachusetts Bay Colony.
He took up residence on an island in the Charles River and was a member of the church at Watertown. He represented Watertown in the colony's first General Court or assembly in 1634. He continued in the Indian trade, sailing the coast from Maine to New Amsterdam.
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windsor is older than wethersfield; windsor est in 1633, William Holmes led a group of settlers from Plymouth Colony to the Connecticut Valley, where they established Windsor a few miles north of the Dutch trading post.
Fort Good Hope; Hartford; 1634; Jacques Elekens assassinated Tatobem, chief of long island Pequot;
John Stone, who was killed by western niantics for kidnapping their people & attempting to put them into slavery, tried to kill William Bradford with a knife.
wethersfield settled 1634; 1634-1636; In the next two years, 30 families from Watertown, Massachusetts joined Oldham's followers at Wethersfield.
In 1635, John Winthrop's Massachusetts Bay Company (MBC) built Fort Saybrook at the mouth of the Connecticut River (CR).
ABRAHAM LINCOLN & SARAH HALE
1863, when President Lincoln proclaimed it,
the same year he had 38 Sioux hung on Christmas Eve.
The Sand Creek massacre (also known as the Chivington massacre, the Battle of Sand Creek or the massacre of Cheyenne Indians) was a massacre in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 675-man force of Colorado U.S. Volunteer Cavalry attacked and destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho in southeastern Colorado Territory,[4] killing and mutilating an estimated 70–163 Native Americans, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.
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Wethersfield, Connecticut. In 1633 or 1634, Oldham led a group of ten men (which included Captain Robert Seeley) along the Old Connecticut Path to establish Wethersfield, Connecticut, the first English settlement on the Connecticut River.
"Weathersfield", while Native Americans called it "Pyquag". "Watertown" is a variant name.
1634 by a Puritan settlement party of "10 Men" including John Oldham, Robert Seeley, Thomas Topping and Nathaniel Foote, Wethersfield is arguably the oldest town in Connecticut, depending on one's interpretation of when a remote settlement qualifies as a "town". Along with Windsor and Hartford, Wethersfield is represented by one of the three grapevines on the Flag of Connecticut, signifying the state's three oldest European settlements. The town took its name from Wethersfield, a village in the English county of Essex.
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1636
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the Puritans, Puritans because they believed in the pure form of Christianity, of Massachusetts Bay (salem witch trials) spread further into Connecticut, they came into increasing conflict with the Pequots, a war-like tribe centered on the Thames River in southeastern Connecticut. The Massachusetts Bay Colony (salem witch trials) eventually declared war with them, and reluctantly the infant Connecticut Colony was quickly drawn into the conflict.
July 20, 1636. the Pequot's killed a dishonest trader, John Oldham.
Pequots most likely were not the killers of John Oldham, but the Block Island Narragansets;;
Massachusetts raised a military force under the command of John Endicott. This troop of 90 men landed on Block Island and killed 14 Indians before they burned the village and crops.
John Oldham; captain, merchant, and Indian trader; died July 20, 1636 on Block Island;He and five of his crew were killed, and his two boys were captured. The ship's cargo was looted. A fishing vessel rescued the boys and tried to tow his sloop to port, but adverse winds affected them. They scuttled the ship but brought home the two boys. The Bay Colony was outraged at this latest incident, and sent John Endicott to Block Island with a force to retaliate.
English colonists learned that Oldham's murderers were Narragansett, Eastern Niantic, and Manisses Indians
August 1636
Endecott sails troops to Fort Saybrook to punish Pequots. Lieutenant Lion Gardiner protests his actions. Endecott sails to Pequot Harbor at mouth of Pequot (Thames) River. Pequots ask what he wants, and Endecott announces his goal. Pequots request conference. Endecott refuses, demanding that Pequots fight in European-style open battle. Pequots refuse. English troops burn Pequot houses and destroy crops.
Late summer 1636
Pequots attack Fort Saybrook. Siege continues intermittently for months
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1637
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Pequots attempt to persuade Narragansetts to ally with them against the English. English send Roger Williams topersuade Narragansetts to remain neutral.
1637 is the year of the first officially declared English Thanksgiving;
1637; year of tulip bubble in the dutch netherlands;
1637; year of the table knife; invented 1637;
just eating with your hands? just ripping into the meat? nobody using table knives? then everybody's a bunch of savages;
1637; b4 Haitian French & American Revolutions; b4 Enlightenment;
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March 1637; Miantonomo allies Narragansetts with the English, "solemnizing the treaty with a gift of wampum and the severed hand of a Pequot brave" (Axelrod 19).
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Spring of 1637, Massachusetts Bay Governor John Endecott organized a large military force to punish the Pequot;
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1- April 23, 200 Pequot warriors responded defiantly to the colonial mobilization by attacking a Connecticut settlement, killing six men and three women and taking two girls away.
During the Pequot War, on April 23, 1637, Wongunk chief Sequin attacked Wethersfield with Pequot help.
They killed six men and three women, a number of cattle and horses, and took two young girls captive. They were daughters of Abraham Swain or William Swaine (sources vary) and were later ransomed by Dutch traders.
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May 1, 1637; As a result of the Wethersfield attack, Connecticut declared war on the Pequot on May 1, 1637. The colony raised a force of ninety soldiers from the three river towns (Hartford, Wethersfield and Windsor) for an expedition against the Pequot. Captain John Mason of Windsor was given command of the Connecticut forces and issued instructions to attack the Pequot fortified villages at Mistick and Weinshauks (the home of Sassacus).
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May 26, 1637; 1 year into the Pequot War (1636-38);
2- On May 26, 1637, two hours before dawn, the Puritans and their Indian allies marched on the Pequot village at Mystic, slaughtering all but a handful of its inhabitants.
Massacre at Mystick River would be repeated 2 more times;
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June 5. 1637. 3- Stonington Massacre; On June 5, Captain Mason attacked another Pequot village, this one near present-day Stonington, and again the Indian inhabitants were defeated and massacred.
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July 28, 1637. 4- Fairfield Massacre; On July 28, a third attack and massacre occurred near present-day Fairfield, and the Pequot War came to an end.
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Connecticut Colony. This seems to be where public days of thanks for general well-being were added to the custom of days of thanks for particular events. The earliest records of thanksgiving days of the colony are these:
On August 36, 1639: "It was concluded that there be a publique day of thanksgiving in these plantacons uppon the 18th of the next month."
On October 25, 1644: "Its ordered, there shal be a publike day of thanksgiving through this Jurisdiction, uppon Wensday com fortnight."
1648 Wethersfield killed Mary Johnson; & Joan & John Carrington n 1651. Four witch trials and three executions for witchcraft occurred in the town in the 17th century. Mary Johnson was convicted of witchcraft and executed in 1648,
On December 5, 1649: "It is ordered by this Courte, that there shall bee a publick day of Thanksgiving kept by all the Churches within this Jurissdiction that may bee seasonably acquainted therewith, uppon this day fortnight."
1648 Wethersfield killed Mary Johnson; & Joan & John Carrington n 1651. Joan and John Carrington in 1651. Landowner Katherine Harrison was convicted, and although her conviction was reversed, she was banished and her property seized by her neighbors.
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1650s
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In 1653, the English seized the fort.
In 1675, Connecticut was fighting in King Philip's War and did not have a thanksgiving day. When the war ended, a thanksgiving day was proclaimed on
June 20, 1676: "The Holy God having by a long and Continual Series of his Afflictive dispensations in and by the present Warr with the Heathen Natives of this land, written and brought to pass bitter things against his own Covenant people in this wilderness, yet so that we evidently discern that in the midst of his judgements he hath..."
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The 800+ Mashantucket Pequot or Western Pequot gained federal recognition in 1983 and have a reservation in Ledyard.
The Mashantucket Pequot Nation land base totals 1,250 acres (5.1 km2).
Pequot people, an Algonquian-language tribe that dominated the southern New England coastal areas. Within their reservation in Ledyard, New London County, the Mashantucket Pequot own and operate Foxwoods Resort Casino. As of 2012, it is the world's largest resort casino in terms of gambling space and number of slot machines.
xxxThe Eastern Pequot are descended from those Pequots who escaped from the Narragansett and returned to their traditional territory, joining free members. In 1683, they were given a reservation on Lantern Hill in North Stonington by the colonial government. Today it is approximately 224 acres.
The 1130-member Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation has a reservation called "Lantern Hill." The Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation is recognized by the state of Connecticut.
Piqua, Edward Winslow, Sachem's Head, Uncus & The Mohegans
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US authorized the cleaned-up United Nuclear site for use as Mohegan reservation lands, and the property was transferred to the United States in trust for the tribe.
Gaining a sovereign reservation enabled the Mohegan to establish gaming operations on their lands to generate revenue for welfare and economic development of their tribe. They opened the Mohegan Sun casino on October 12, 1996, near the former Fort Shantok site above the Thames River.
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90 Wampanoag/Pokanoket people in attendance, double the number of Pilgrims.
it was a Massasoit shakedown;
In the 1600s, the Pequot population was estimated to be 2,200 individuals.
now, there's ?
what are the successes of all this thxgvn bullshit?
UNDERHILL MASSACRES
Less than a year after Mystic, Underhill and his militia launched a surprise attack on a Munsee village in what is now Westchester County, New York wiping out the entire village, killing over five hundred Munsee Indians. For this, he was credited with ending what was later designated The First Munsee War. In two years of fighting, Underhill and his men had taken the lives of an estimated sixteen hundred Indians and destroyed most of the farmsteads on western Long Island.
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In the village, the Pequots sleep. Suddenly, a dog barks. The awakened Pequots shout Owanux! Owanux! (Englishmen! Englishmen!) and mount a valiant defense. But within an hour, the village is burned and 400-700 men, women, and children are killed.
Therefore, fathers will eat their sons among you, and sons will eat their fathers; for I will execute judgments on you and scatter all your remnant to every wind.
Ezekiel 5:10
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50 years later; metacomet's war; king phillip's war; narrangassetts were similarly massacred;
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Captain John Underhill, one of the English commanders, documents the event in his journal, Newes from America :
Down fell men, women, and children. Those that 'scaped us, fell into the hands of the Indians that were in the rear of us. Not above five of them 'scaped out of our hands. Our Indians came us and greatly admired the manner of Englishmen's fight, but cried "Mach it, mach it!" - that is, "It is naught, it is naught, because it is too furious, and slays too many men." Great and doleful was the bloody sight to the view of young soldiers that never had been in war, to see so many souls lie gasping on the ground, so thick, in some places, that you could hardly pass along.
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1633 it had grown into a small fort with earthen walls (probably) enclosing several buildings and provided with a small cannon. A ship-load of bricks brought from Holland was used in the construction, and it has been suggested that the “fort” was an earthwork with brick or stone corners.
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The 1st Thanksgiving in America:“Thanks-taking”
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many prior European explorers offered prayers of thanksgiving upon their safe arrivals in Florida, including
Juan Ponce de León, in 1513 and 1521,
Pánfilo de Narváez in 1528,
Hernando de Soto in 1529,
Father Luis Cáncer de Barbastro in 1549, and
Tristán de Luna in 1559.
1541. An historical marker erected by the Texas Society of the Daughters of the American Colonists outside Canyon, Texas, states that Father Juan de Padilla conducted a thanksgiving service there in May 1541 for an army of 1,500 accompanying Spanish conquistador Francisco Vasquez de Coronado.
A historical marker outside of Canyon, TX claimed Francisco Vázquez de Coronado celebrated the first Thanksgiving near the Palo Duro Canyon in 1541.
It declared that the expedition of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado in May 1541 celebrated the first feast of Thanksgiving in Palo Duro Canyon. Fray Juan Padilla said a mass at this observance.
later research indicated that grapes and pecans were gathered by the celebrants for the feast, and neither grow in Palo Duro Canyon. There is some doubt whether this was a special thanksgiving, or
a celebration of the Feast of the Ascension. It was held in Texas, but may have been on one of the forks of the Brazos River farther south, probably in Blanco Canyon.
1564. 40 miles further north and one year earlier than the one in St. Augustine when French Huguenots—Calvinists like the Pilgrims—held a service of thanksgiving and feasted with the Timucuans to celebrate the June 1564 establishment of Fort Caroline along the St. John’s River in present-day Jacksonville. “We sang a psalm of Thanksgiving unto God, beseeching him that it would please his Grace to continue his accustomed goodness toward us,” French explorer Rene Goulaine de Laudonnière wrote in his journal.
On June 30, 1564—a year before the St. Augustine celebration—the French explorer Rene Goulaine de Laudonnière called for a feast to celebrate the establishment of Fort Caroline atop the St. Johns Bluff, near present-day Jacksonville. (Laudonnière had reached the coast of Florida on June 22, and then proceeded up the waterway that Jean Ribault, two years earlier, had dubbed the River of May; today, we know it as the
St. Johns River.)
The Timucua Indians warmly welcomed the French Huguenots and helped prepare a feast in their honor. “We sang a psalm of Thanksgiving unto God,” Laudonnière wrote of the ensuing celebration, “beseeching Him that it would please His Grace to continue His accustomed goodness toward us.”
the depleted state of the French food provisions after their long journey, much of the celebratory meal would likely have been provided by the Timucua, who were excellent hunters and had access to enormous granaries that were used to store and dispense commonly harvested agricultural goods. Since we know quite a bit about the Timucuan diet, we can surmise that Laudonnière’s feast would have included corn, beans, squash and pumpkins (which the Timucua farmed on a limited basis), as well as local fowl, oysters, shrimp, mullet, deer, and, yes, alligator. (Apparently, the Timucua preferred it smoked.) The group likely also enjoyed fresh cherries, blueberries, blackberries, mulberries and muscadine grapes—although there’s no record of any pie.
Unfortunately, divine blessings were fleeting for the French colonists. Less than two weeks after landing in the New World, Menéndez led an attack on Fort Caroline that resulted in the slaying of 130 French Huguenots, whom the Spaniards saw as heretics and interlopers.
Weeks later the Spanish colonists massacred an additional 200 French shipwreck survivors at an inlet near St. Augustine that was eventually dubbed “Matanzas”—the Spanish word for “slaughters.”
September 8, 1565. 1565. The same happened in Florida when Spaniards landed near St. Augustine in September 1565. Prayers and a feast with the local Indians followed (no mention of turkeys). Blaring trumpets and thundering artillery serenaded Don Pedro Menéndez de Avilés as he waded ashore on September 8, 1565. The Spanish admiral kissed a cross held aloft by the fleet’s captain, Father Francisco Lopez, then claimed Florida for both his God and his country. As curious members of the indigenous Timucua tribe looked on, the 800 newly arrived colonists gathered around a makeshift altar as Father Lopez performed a Catholic mass of thanksgiving for their safe arrival in the newly christened settlement of St. Augustine. At the invitation of Menéndez, the Timucuans then joined the newcomers in a communal meal.
menu for the meal shared by the Spaniards and Timucuans:
“America’s REAL First Thanksgiving,” the European colonists likely ate hard biscuits and cocido—a rich garbanzo stew made with pork, garlic, saffron, cabbage and onion—washed down with red wine.
“The Timucua ate what was available to them locally and that could have included alligator, bear, wild turkey, venison, tortoise and food from the sea such as turtle, shark, mullet or sea catfish,” Gioia says. Archaeological research also shows the indigenous people ate large amounts of oysters and clams along with beans and squash.
Spanish explorer Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles arrived on the coast of Florida. He came ashore on September 8, 1565, naming the land on which he stepped “St. Augustine” in honor of the saint on whose feast day, Aug. 28, the land was sighted. Members of the Timucua tribe, which had occupied the site for more than 4,000 years, greeted Menéndez and his group of some 800 Catholic colonists peacefully.
Colonial records indicate that on the date they came ashore, and in gratitude for their safe arrival, the Spanish celebrated a Mass of Thanksgiving, the very first Catholic mass on American soil. According to the memoirs of Father Francisco Lopez de Mendoza Grajales, who celebrated the mass, once “the feast day [was] observed . . . after mass, ‘the Adelantado [Menendez] had the Indians fed and dined himself.” As University of Florida professor Michael Gannon noted in his seminal book, The Cross in the Sand, “It was the first community act of religion and thanksgiving in the first permanent settlement in the land.”
food provisions stocked on Menendez’s ships, the meal that the Spaniards and Timucua shared on September 8, 1565, was probably cocido, a stew made from salted pork and garbanzo beans, laced with garlic seasoning and accompanied by hard sea biscuits and red wine. The Timucua, as invited guests, would have contributed food to the communal meal–likely local game and fish, along with grains, corn, beans, and squash.
Spanish explorer Pedro Menendez arrived on the coast of Florida and founded the first North American city, St. Augustine.
September 8, 1565, the Spanish and the native Timucua celebrated with a feast of Thanksgiving. The Spanish most likely offered cocido, a rich stew made with pork, garbanzo beans, and onions. Perhaps the Timucua provided wild turkey or venison, or even alligator or tortoise, along with corn, beans, and squash.
1598. the first Thanksgiving Day was held in the city of El Paso, Texas in 1598.
20 years before near present day El Paso, when at least 400 Spaniards, in an exploration led by Juan de Oñate, feasted with the Mansos tribe.
King Phillip 2; Oñate was granted his contract in 1595 and his party launched three years later in 1598, leaving with an estimate 400 to 500 people and around 7,000 head of cattle.
a day of thanksgiving celebrated by Spanish explorer Juan de Oñate and his expedition on April 30, 1598.
Almost from the beginning of the 50-day march, nature challenged the Spaniards. First, seven consecutive days of rain made travel miserable. Then the hardship was reversed, and the travelers suffered greatly from the dry weather. On one occasion, a chance rain shower saved the parched colonists.
Finally, for the last five days of the march before reaching the Rio Grande, the expedition ran out of both food and water, forcing the men, women and children to seek roots and other scarce desert vegetation to eat. Both animals and humans almost went mad with thirst before the party reached water. Two horses drank until their stomachs burst, and two others drowned in the river in their haste to consume as much water as possible.
The Rio Grande was the salvation of the expedition, however. After recuperating for 10 days, Oñate ordered a day of thanksgiving for the survival of the expedition. Included in the event was a feast, supplied with game by the Spaniards and with fish by the natives of the region. A mass was said by the Franciscan missionaries traveling with the expedition. And finally, Oñate read La Toma -- the taking -- declaring the land drained by the Great River to be the possession of King Philip II of Spain.
A member of the expedition wrote of the original celebration, "We built a great bonfire and roasted the meat and fish, and then all sat down to a repast the like of which we had never enjoyed before. . .We were happy that our trials were over; as happy as were the passengers in the Ark when they saw the dove returning with the olive branch in his beak, bringing tidings that the deluge had subsided."
After the celebration, the Oñate expedition continued up the Rio Grande and eventually settled near Santa Fé.
Juan de Oñate was a member of a distinguished family that had loyally worked for the Spanish crown. His father had discovered and developed rich mines in Zacatecas, Mexico. Oñate, himself, had opened the mines of San Luis Potosí and performed many other services for the Spanish king. But he wanted to carve an unquestioned place in history by leading an important expedition into unexplored land.
In 1598 Juan de Oñate led 129 soldiers and 10 Franciscan Catholic priests plus a large number of women, children, servants, slaves, and livestock into the Rio Grande valley of New Mexico. There were at the time approximately 40,000 Pueblo Indians inhabiting the region. Oñate put down a revolt at Acoma Pueblo by killing and enslaving hundreds of the Indians and sentencing all men 25 or older to have their foot cut off. The Acoma Massacre would instill fear of the Spanish in the region for years to come, though Franciscan missionaries were assigned to several of the Pueblo towns to Christianize the natives;;
Although the Franciscans initially tolerated manifestations of the old religion as long as the Puebloans attended mass and maintained a public veneer of Catholicism, Fray Alonso de Posada (in New Mexico 1656–1665) outlawed Kachina dances by the Pueblo Indians and ordered the missionaries to seize and burn their masks, prayer stick, and effigies. The Franciscan missionaries also forbade the use of entheogenic drugs in the traditional religious ceremonies of the Pueblo. Several Spanish officials, such as Nicolas de Aguilar, who attempted to curb the power of the Franciscans were charged with heresy and tried before the Inquisition.
In the 1670s drought swept the region, causing a famine among the Pueblo and increased raids by the Apache, which Spanish and Pueblo soldiers were unable to prevent. Fray Alonso de Benavides wrote multiple letters to the King, describing the conditions, noting "the Spanish inhabitants and Indians alike to eat hides and straps of carts". The unrest among the Pueblos came to a head in 1675. Governor Juan Francisco Treviño ordered the arrest of forty-seven Pueblo medicine men and accused them of practicing "sorcery". Four medicine men were sentenced to death by hanging; three of those sentences were carried out, while the fourth prisoner committed suicide. The remaining men were publicly whipped and sentenced to prison. When this news reached the Pueblo leaders, they moved in force to Santa Fe, where the prisoners were held. Because a large number of Spanish soldiers were away fighting the Apache, Governor Treviño was forced to accede to the Pueblo demand for the release of the prisoners. Among those released was a San Juan ("Ohkay Owingeh" in the Tewa Language) Indian named "Popé".
1598. a group of Spanish colonists prayed and feasted in 1598, giving thanks for their arrival at the waters of the Rio Grande after making a new trail across the Chihuahuan Desert to what became El Paso del Rio del Norte. The site of this celebration was originally on the Mexican side of the river, which later changed course placing the location on the U.S. side of the border. They, too, invited local native people to join them in a three-day feast.
the fact remains that the first European colonists to celebrate a feast of Thanksgiving on North American soil were 500 pioneers in Don Juan de Oñate’s expedition.
There were dozens of families, 10 Franciscan missionaries and 129 soldiers. The celebratory event took place on the banks of the Rio Grande in the vicinity of San Elizario on April 30, 1598.
An account by Captain Gaspar Perez de Villagra, the chronicler of the expedition and translated in C.L. Sonnichsen’s “Pass of the North,” Volume I, reads:
To the miserable travelers the tree-lined river bank was a heavenly place. Its bountiful waters teamed with many fish, and we easily caught a great number.
The hunters then shot a large number of ducks and geese...We built a great bonfire and roasted meat and fish, and then all sat down to a great repast the like of which we had never enjoyed before.
The colonists had reason to celebrate after an arduous 700-mile journey, which began in the town of Santa Barbara, Mexico in January 1598. Thirst and hunger were ever present as they struggled north through the Chihuahuan Desert. Reaching the banks of the Rio Grande was a cause for great joy and thanksgiving!
After the celebration and a few days of rest, the three-mile caravan of colonizers with their 7,000 domestic animals and more than 100 rumbling carts left the area on May 4, 1598.
Continuing north with friendly Manso Indians leading them upstream, they crossed the Rio Grande at an ancient ford near the present day site of La Hacienda Cafè and UTEP.
The Mansos assisted with the hazardous crossing as the Spanish colonizers continued their journey into an unknown world to establish the first European colony in North America.
1607. Thanksgiving services were routine in what became the Commonwealth of Virginia as early as 1607,
1607; Maine, too, stakes a claim to the first Thanksgiving on the basis of a service held by colonists on August 9, 1607, to give thanks for a safe voyage.
1610. the first permanent settlement of Jamestown, Virginia holding a thanksgiving in 1610.
1610; Virginians are convinced their ancestors celebrated the first Thanksgiving when Jamestown settlers in 1610 held a service of thanksgiving for their survival of a harsh winter.
1619. Another early event was held in 1619 in the Virginia Colony.
An earlier colonial one happened on Dec. 4, 1619, a year before the Pilgrims would arrive at Plymouth Rock, when colonists landed on what's now the coast of Virginia to found Berkeley Hundred (now Charles City). They were under strict orders from the London Company about what to do when they got there: "We ordaine that the day of our ships arrival … shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God," read the edict. The Pilgrims might have feasted, but these colonists used the word "thanksgiving" first.
In 1619, 38 English settlers arrived at Berkeley Hundred in Charles City County, Virginia. The group's London Company charter specifically required "that the day of our ships arrival at the place assigned... in the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God."[13][14] Three years later, after the Indian massacre of 1622, the Berkeley Hundred site and other outlying locations were abandoned and colonists moved their celebration to Jamestown and other more secure spots.
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Mohegan Sun is one of the largest casinos in the United States, with 364,000 square feet (33,800 square meters) of gambling space.[1][2] It is located on 240 acres (97 ha) along the banks of the Thames River in Uncasville, Connecticut. It is in the foothills of southeastern
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Since its inception, the Dutch East India Company had been in competition with its counterpart, the English East India Company, founded two years earlier but with a capital base eight times smaller,[39] for the same goods and markets in the East. In 1619, the rivalry resulted in the Amboyna massacre, when several English Company men were executed by agents of the Dutch. The event remained a source of English resentment for several decades, and indeed was used as a cause célèbre as late as the Second Anglo-Dutch War in the 1660s; nevertheless, in the late 1620s the English Company shifted its focus from Indonesia to India. The Amboyna massacre[1] was the 1623 torture and execution on Ambon Island (present-day Maluku, Indonesia) of twenty men, including ten of whom were in the service of the English East India Company, and Japanese and Portuguese traders, by agents of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), on accusations of treason. It was the result of the intense rivalry between the East India companies of England and the United Provinces in the spice trade and remained a source of tension between the two nations until late in the 17th century.
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1653 war was being waged between Holland and England and the American colonies were authorized by Parliament to open hostilities against the Dutch. Captain John Underhill, bearing a commission from the Providence Plantation, came to Hartford and pasted the following notice on the doors of the “House of Hope”:
“I, John Underhill, do seize this house and land for the State of England, by virtue of the commission granted by the Providence Plantation.”
Soon after, the General Court of Connecticut sequestered the Dutch property in Hartford by its own authority. In a few months after this peace was declared; the Dutch, or nearly all of them, moved to New York. Underhill conveyed the real estate to two citizens of Hartford and the name “Dutch Point” was about all that remained to testify to the former occupation of land in the city of Hartford by citizens of Holland.
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1621 wasn't a "thanksgiving" day; business military alliance; Massasoit & Wampanoag invited themselves over;
the pilgrims didnt even have enuf food; native americans had to go get some more;
that overly celebrated thankgiving meal; white-tailed deer; & fowl; & grain; & indian corn;
America wasn't founded by christians; w judeo-christian values;
America was taken over by illegal white protestant immigrant terrorists;
The Mohegan in particular treated their Pequot captives so severely that colonial officials of Connecticut Colony eventually removed them.
Connecticut established two reservations for the Pequot in 1683: the Eastern Pequot Reservation at North Stonington, Connecticut and the Western Pequot, or Mashantucket Pequot Reservation in Ledyard. While the land bases of the two tribes have been much reduced, the two groups have held on to their land and maintained community continuity.
Sarah Hale; uncovered this 1 incredible decent thing whites did w natives & resurrected it;
1863 Abe Lincoln adopted Thanksgiving as our national holiday, thinking it wise to whitewash th history of historic American purpose of giving "thanks" as a Christian prayer to the gods taht native Americans were genocided.
cover up the massacres & genocide.
Abe Lincoln killed 38 souix natives;
1865; Sand Creek Massacre:
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The intention of the English expedition against Block Island is stated by Winthrop as "to put to death the men of Block Island, but to spare the women and children, and to bring them away, and to take possession of the island; and from thence to go to the Pequods to demand the murderers of Capt. Stone and other English, and one thousand fathom of wampom for damages, etc., and some of their children as hostages, which if they should refuse, they were to obtain it by force." This clearly goes far beyond just putting to death Oldham's killers, or other murderers. On August 24, 1636 Captain Endecott departed for Block Island with about 100 men. They spent two days searching the island, but most inhabitants had hidden in the forest. The soldiers burnt their deserted villages and the corn that they found, and then sailed for the Pequot harbor. Upon arrival they informed the Pequot of their demands.
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1636; A Pequot messenger told them the sachem would meet with them if both sides would lay down their weapons, but the English refused to believe this and decided to attack. When the Pequot refused to fight a European-style open battle, English troops burnt the Pequot houses, killing 13 and wounding 40 Pequot, and destroyed their crops and canoes. In retaliation,
the Pequot began a series of kidnappings, murders, and tortures of colonists in Connecticut, and also besieged Fort Saybrook. Sassacus tried to persuade the Narragansett to ally with the Pequot against the English. But, in
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Pequot... Piqua!?!; perhaps pekowi shawnee; Peter Chartier & Tecumseh & Puckshinwah; eskippakithiki, fought at Fort Necessity;
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goose or duck was the wildfowl of choice. In her research, she has found that swan and passenger pigeons would have been available as well. “Passenger pigeons—extinct in the wild for over a century now—were so thick in the 1620s, they said you could hear them a quarter-hour before you saw them,” says Wall. “They say a man could shoot at the birds in flight and bring down 200.”
Small birds were often spit-roasted, while larger birds were boiled
Pilgrims instead stuffed birds with chunks of onion and herbs. “There is a wonderful stuffing for goose in the 17th-century that is just shelled chestnuts,
birds that are roasted one day, the remains of them are all thrown in a pot and boiled up to make broth the next day. That broth thickened with grain to make a pottage.”
In addition to wildfowl and deer, the colonists and Wampanoag probably ate eels and shellfish, such as lobster, clams and mussels. “They were drying shellfish and smoking other sorts of fish,” says Wall.
The forest provided chestnuts, walnuts and beechnuts. “They grew flint corn (multicolored Indian corn), and that was their staple. They grew beans, which they used from when they were small and green until when they were mature,” says Wall. “They also had different sorts of pumpkins or squashes.”
As we are taught in school, the Indians showed the colonists how to plant native crops. “The English colonists plant gardens in March of 1620 and 1621,” says Wall. “We don’t know exactly what’s in those gardens. But in later sources, they talk about turnips, carrots, onions, garlic and pumpkins as the sorts of things that they were growing.”
White potatoes, originating in South America, and sweet potatoes, from the Caribbean, had yet to infiltrate North America. Also, there would have been no cranberry sauce. It would be another 50 years before an Englishman wrote about boiling cranberries and sugar into a “Sauce to eat with. . . .Meat.” Says Wall: “If there was beer, there were only a couple of gallons for 150 people for three days.” She thinks that to wash it all down the English and Wampanoag drank water.
Edward Winslow’s letter, printed in a pamphlet called Mourt’s Relation, and Governor Bradford’s manuscript, titled Of Plimoth Plantation, were rediscovered and published. Boston clergyman Alexander Young printed Winslow’s letter in his Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers, and in the footnotes to the resurrected letter, he somewhat arbitrarily declared the feast the first Thanksgiving. (Wall and others at Plimoth Plantation prefer to call it “the harvest celebration in 1621.”)
arah Josepha Hale, editor of the popular women’s magazine Godey’s Lady’s Book, , a real trendsetter for running a household, was a leading voice in establishing Thanksgiving as an annual event. Beginning in 1827, Hale petitioned 13 presidents, the last of whom was Abraham Lincoln. She pitched her idea to President Lincoln as a way to unite the country in the midst of the Civil War, and, in 1863, he made Thanksgiving a national holiday.
Throughout her campaign, Hale printed Thanksgiving recipes and menus in Godey’s Lady’s Book. She also published close to a dozen cookbooks. “She is really planting this idea in the heads of lots of women that this is something they should want to do,” says Wall. “So when there finally is a national day of Thanksgiving, there is a whole body of women who are ready for it, who know what to do because she told them. A lot of the food that we think of—roast turkey with sage dressing, creamed onions, mashed turnips, even some of the mashed potato dishes, which were kind of exotic then—are there.”
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-was-on-the-menu-at-the-first-thanksgiving-511554
@SmithsonianMag
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1637
March 1637, Miantonomo allied the Narragansett with the English, "solemnizing the treaty with a gift of wampum and the severed hand of a Pequot brave".
April 18 1637, the English prepared for war against the Pequot (a levy to raise funds for it was authorized April 18; further troops were sent to Saybrook). The Pequot were further provoked by the English taking land belonging to Sowheag, a sachem. SOWHEAG;
April 23, a band of Pequots attacked settlers working in a field near Wethersfield, killing 7 men, 1 woman, and 1 child, and taking 2 girls captive.
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1923. John Oldham was an early arrival to the new colony in 1623.
Oldham refused to stand watch, provoked Miles Standish and raged at him as a “beggarly rascal.” With little in common with the Pilgrims, Oldham’s pugnacious nature was his defining characteristic. Shortly after arriving, Oldham and other malcontents wrote to England of their complaints against the Pilgrims and the new, godly world they were trying to construct. He complained of their religious practices, the bad water, thievery in the community and too many mosquitoes.
Bradford intercepted Oldham’s letters, and when they were shipped to England a reply to the complaints from Bradford accompanied them. He wrote a point-by-point rebuttal and the sarcastic observation that men like Oldham were “too delicate and unfit to begin new plantations and colonies . . . till at least they be mosquito-proof.”
Oldham was furious when he learned Bradford had intercepted his letters, and his angry and quarrelsome nature sealed his fate.
While the Pilgrims needed manpower and knew there was strength in numbers, they weren’t desperate enough to need a man like Oldham. They banished him from Plymouth in 1624.
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They banished him from Plymouth in 1624. At first, Oldham flourished under his new freedom. Liberated from the Pilgrims' taxes and rules, he settled at Nantasket and would go on to be one of the founders of Wethersfield, Connecticut.
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July 1636, his ship was waylaid by American Indians, probably Narragansetts, on a trading trip to Block Island. He and several members of his crew were killed. His two nephews were returned to land. His death was a flashpoint in the ongoing friction between some of the Indians and the colonists over trade and other matters.
The Narragansetts convinced the colonists that the Pequot tribe was harboring the Indians who killed Oldham. Though it was perfectly plausible that Oldham provoked the fight that killed him, ministers throughout Massachusetts were speaking out against the murders. Massachusetts Governor John Endecott was ordered to retaliate.
Ninety men invaded Block Island, and killed one Indian there, and thus started the Pequot War that wouldn’t end until 1638.
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Winthrop says that the Pequot admitted killing Stone, and said that it was to free two of their own men whom Stone had bound and forcibly made to show him the way up the river, and then: "he with two others and the two Indians, (their hands still bound,) went on shore, and nine of their men watched them, and when they were on sleep in the night, they killed them; then going towards the pinnace to have taken that, it suddenly blew up into the air. This was related with such confidence and gravity, as, having no means to contradict it, we inclined to believe it."
Oldham was a supporter of Lyford, and the two of them stirred up dissension and trouble in Plymouth, according to the accounts of Pilgrim leader William Bradford. Oldham and Lyford secretly wrote letters back to England disparaging and slandering the Pilgrims. Bradford intercepted some of these letters but did not mention it immediately to Oldham or Lyford.
John Oldham next refused to stand his scheduled watch (a communal duty expected of all the men) and began to be insolent to the Pilgrims' military advisor Miles Standish.
John Oldham then drew his knife on Miles Standish unprovoked, and angrily denounced him as a "beggarly rascal". Lyford and Oldham were put on trial for "plotting against them and disturbing their peace, both in respects of their civil and church state," and they were banished from Plymouth.
1630. By the 1630s, the Iroquois had become fully armed with European weaponry through their trade with the Dutch.the Iroquois began to conquer their smaller neighbors. They attacked the Wenro in 1638 and took all of their territory. Survivors fled to the Hurons for refuge. The Wenro had served as a buffer between the Iroquois and the Neutral tribe and Erie allies. These two tribes were considerably larger and more powerful than the Iroquois. With expansion to the west blocked, the Iroquois turned their attention to the north.[12] The Dutch also encouraged the Iroquois in this strategy. At that time, the
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The conflict subsided with the loss by the Iroquois of their Dutch allies in the New Netherland (later lower New York State) colony after England took it over in 1664, with Fort Amsterdam and the town of New Amsterdam, renaming it New York, and with French objective of gaining the Iroquois as an ally against English encroachment. After the Iroquois became trading partners with the English, their alliance was a crucial component of the later English western and northern expansion leading to the French and Indian War (1754-1763). The English/British also used the Iroquois conquests as a claim to the later old Northwest Territory, of the United States, northwest of the Ohio River and around the Great Lakes.
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Although the Netherlands only controlled the Hudson River Valley from 1609 until 1664, in that short time, Dutch entrepreneurs established New Netherland, a series of trading posts, towns, and forts up and down the Hudson River that laid the groundwork for towns that still exist today. Fort Orange, the northernmost of the Dutch outposts, is known today as Albany; New York City's original name was New Amsterdam, and the New Netherland's third major settlement, Wiltwyck, is known today as Kingston. Unlike New York City and Albany, however, where the traces of colonization can be difficult to find, in Kingston, the history of New York's Dutch colonization is quite evident.
\
609, two years after English settlers established the colony of Jamestown in Virginia, the Dutch East India Company hired English sailor Henry Hudson to find a northeast passage to India. After unsuccessfully searching for a route above Norway, Hudson turned his ship west and sailed across the Atlantic. Hudson hoped to discover a "northwest passage," that would allow a ship to cross the entirety of the North American continent and gain access to the Pacific Ocean, and from there, India. After arriving off the coast of Cape Cod, Hudson eventually sailed into the mouth of a large river, today called the Hudson River. Making his way as far as present-day Albany before the river became too shallow for his ship to continue north, Hudson returned to Europe and claimed the entire Hudson River Valley for his Dutch employers.
After unsuccessful efforts at colonization, the Dutch Parliament chartered the "West India Company," a national-joint stock company that would organize and oversee all Dutch ventures in the Western Hemisphere. Sponsored by the West India Company, 30 families arrived in North America in 1624, establishing a settlement on present-day Manhattan. Much like English colonists in Virginia, however, the Dutch settlers did not take much of an interest in agriculture, and focused on the more lucrative fur trade. In 1626, Director General Peter Minuit arrived in Manhattan, charged by the West India Company with the task of administering the struggling colony. Minuit "purchased" Manhattan Island from Native American Indians for the now legendary price of 60 guilders, formally established New Amsterdam, and consolidated and strengthened a fort located far up the Hudson River, named Fort Orange. The colony grew slowly, as settlers, responding to generous land-grant and trade policies, slowly spread north up the Hudson River.
In the upper reaches of the Hudson Valley around Fort Orange, (present-day Albany) where the needs of the profitable fur trade required a careful policy of appeasement with the Iroquois Confederacy; In the 1630s and early 1640s, the Dutch Director Generals carried on a brutal series of campaigns against the area's Native Americans, largely succeeding in crushing the strength of the "River Indians," but also managing to create a bitter atmosphere of tension and suspicion between European settlers and Native Americans.
1640 marked a turning point for the colony. The West India Company gave up its trade monopoly, enabling other businessmen to invest in New Netherland. Profits flowed to Amsterdam, encouraging new economic activity in the production of food, timber, tobacco, and eventually, slaves. In 1647, the most successful of the Dutch Director Generals arrived in New Amsterdam. Peter Stuyvesant found New Netherland in disarray.
Wiltwyck, the second large settlement established north of New Amsterdam, grew quickly, the very successes of the Stuyvesant administration put New Netherland in danger. The colony was proving quite profitable, New Amsterdam had developed into a port town of 1500 citizens, and the incredibly diverse population (only 50 percent were actually Dutch colonists) of the colony had grown from 2,000 in 1655 to almost 9,000 in 1664.
The Dutch lost New Netherland to the English during the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1664 only a few years after the establishment of Wiltwyck. Along the West Coast of Africa, British charter companies clashed with the forces of the Dutch West India Company over rights to slaves, ivory, and gold in 1663. Less about slaves or ivory, the Anglo-Dutch Wars were actually more about who would be the dominant European naval power. By 1664, both the Dutch and English were preparing for war, and King Charles of England granted his brother, James, Duke of York, vast American territories that included all of New Netherland. James immediately raised a small fleet and sent it to New Amsterdam. Director General Stuyvesant, without a fleet or any real army to defend the colony, was forced to surrender the colony to the English war fleet without a struggle.
the first Dutch settlement in the Americas was founded in 1615: Fort Nassau, on Castle Island along the Hudson, near present-day Albany. The settlement served mostly as an outpost for trading in fur with the native Lenape tribespeople, but was later replaced by Fort Orange. Both forts were named in honor of the House of Orange-Nassau.
By 1621, the United Provinces had charted a new company, a trading monopoly in the Americas and West Africa: the Dutch West India Company (Westindische Compagnie or WIC). The WIC sought recognition as founders of the New World – which they ultimately did as founders of a new Province in 1623, New Netherland. That year, another Fort Nassau was built on the Delaware River near Gloucester City, New Jersey.
On the Connecticut River, Fort Huys de Goede Hoop was completed in 1633 at present day Hartford. By 1636, the English from Newtown (now Cambridge, Massachusetts) settled on the north side of the Little River. In the Treaty of Hartford, the border of New Netherland was retracted to western Connecticut and by 1653, the English had overtaken the Dutch trading post.
Expansion along the Delaware River beyond Fort Nassau did not begin until the 1650s, after the takeover of a Swedish colony, obviously called New Sweden which had been established at Fort Christina in 1638. Settlements at Fort Nassau and the short-lived Fort Beversreede were abandoned and consolidated at Fort Casimir. By 1655 Fort Christina, sitting in what is today Wilmington, had already been renamed Fort Altena.
Not all inhabitants of New Netherlands, Manahattan's first European colonizers, were ethnically Dutch, but in reality came from many European countries. Along with the large number of African native peoples—originally brought over bound by the shackles of slavehood—many
New Netherlanders were
Walloons, Huguenots, Germans, Scandinavian and English relocated from New England.
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The DUTCH;
In 1621, the Dutch West India Company was founded. Between 1621 and 1623, orders were given to the private, commercial traders to vacate the territory, thus opening up the territory to Dutch settlers and company traders. It also allowed the laws and ordinances of the states of Holland to apply. Previously, during the private, commercial period, only the law of the ship had applied.
March 1638, Swedish colonists led by Peter Minuit landed in what is today Wilmington, Delaware, proclaiming the west bank of the Delaware River to be "New Sweden". The Susquehannock were mistrustful of the Dutch due to their close alliance with the Susquehannocks' rivals the Iroquois Confederation. They had lost their English trading partner when the new colony of Maryland had forced out William Claiborne's trading network centered on Kent Island. The Susquehannock quickly became New Sweden's main supplier of furs and pelts and customers for European manufactured goods. In the process, New Sweden became a protectorate and tributory of the Susquehannock nation, which was perhaps the leading power on the Eastern seaboard at the time. New Sweden (Swedish: Nya Sverige, Finnish: Uusi Ruotsi, Latin: Nova Svecia) was a Swedish colony along the lower reaches of the Delaware River in North America from 1638 to 1655,[1] established during the devastating Thirty Years' War when Sweden was a significant Northern European military power. New Sweden was one part of Swedish colonization efforts in the Americas.
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love all things americas, all things of this land, of this nation, of this continent;
-indigenous plants are cool, b/c we can eat them, without killing them, at least most of them, & we can always plant more plants; who ever heard of anybody protesting against plants, besides Nixon's War on Drugs, going strong since 1973?
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Plants Indigenous To Amerika:
-Peanut (Peanut Butter, etc).
-Crab apples, "common apples";
Tomato;
Potato, Sweet Potatoes; mashed potatoes;
Corn; corn meal; a batter for a fried food, such as corn dogs fried fish; corn fritters, cornbread, hushpuppies, jonnycakes, or spoonbread
a breakfast cereal ingredient; Cheese curl-type snack foods, such as Cheetos and Cheezies; In corn chips such as Fritos, but not tortilla chips or corn tortillas, which are made from nixtamalized maize flour
Wild Rice;
Chili peppers, hot peppers, green bell peppers;
Pecans; Algonquin word “all nuts requiring a stone to crack”; Pequot were Algonquin-speakers; Pecans & Coco beans were $$$; modern day Pecan trees came from the clever grafting of superior wild pecan trees to seedling pecan stocks in 1876 by Antoine, the Black slave garderner from louisiana. Antoine called the new pecan trees the "Centennials", since they were planted in 1876; Colorado became a state in 1876, in spite of Confederates tryna muck that up, & we're nicknamed the centennial state b/c of it.
-Chocolate (seeds of the cacao tree); Theobroma cacao seeds; Theobroma cacao, also called the cacao tree and the cocoa tree, is a small (4–8 m (13–26 ft) tall) evergreen tree in the family Malvaceae, native to the deep tropical regions of Central and South America. Its seeds, cocoa beans, are used to make cocoa mass, cocoa powder, confectionery, ganache and chocolate.
-Vanilla; (Mexico); Hernán Cortés intro both vanilla and chocolate to Europe in the 1520s; Vanilla is the second-most expensive spice after saffron, because growing the vanilla seed pods is labor-intensive. In 1841, Edmond Albius, a slave who lived on the French island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean, discovered at the age of 12 that the plant could be hand-pollinated. Hand-pollination allowed global cultivation of the plant.
Tobacco; used to be a vaccination for the Ebola virus;
Pumpkin; spice latte; pie;
passion fruit; a vine species of passion flower that is native to southern Brazil through Paraguay to northern Argentina;
Advocado; Papaya; beans, squash, zucchinni; berries; nuts; acorns;
sunflowers;
Pineapple;
cranberry
Hemp; Tuscarora (in Tuscarora Skarù:ręˀ, "hemp gatherers"[2] or "Shirt-Wearing People"[3])
Chia; Salvia hispanica, commonly known as chia, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, native to central and southern Mexico and Guatemala. economic historians say it may have been as important as maize as a food crop. It was given as an annual tribute by the people to the rulers in 21 of the 38 Aztec provincial states. Chia is grown commercially for its seed, a food rich in omega-3 fatty acids since the seeds yield 25–30% extractable oil, including α-linolenic acid. Chia Pets. These "pets" come in the form of clay figures that serve as a base for a sticky paste of chia seeds; the figures then are watered and the seeds sprout into a form suggesting a fur covering for the figure. About 500,000 chia pets a year are sold in the US as novelties or house plants.
maple; The distinctive fruits are called samaras, "maple keys", "helicopters", "whirlybirds" or "polynoses".
The Sugar maple (A. saccharum) is tapped for sap, which is then boiled to produce maple syrup or made into maple sugar or maple taffy. It takes about 40 litres (42 US qt) of sugar maple sap to make 1 litre (1.1 US qt) of syrup.
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"The 12th of the 8th m. was ordered to bee kept a day of publicke thanksgiving to God for his great m'cies in subdewing the Pecoits, bringing the soldiers in safety, the successe of the conference, & good news from Germany." ~[[Nathaniel Shurtleff, ed. Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, Vol I. Boston, 1853. p.204. August 12th; 1637]]
Winthrop's journal entry for this day is:
"A day of thanksgiving kept in all the churches for our victories against the Pequots, and for the success of the assembly"; [[but by reason of this latter, some of Boston would not be present at the public exercises. The captains and soldiers who had been in the late service were feasted, and after the sermon the magistrates and elders accompanied them to the door of the house where they dined." ~The Journal of John Winthrop 1630 - 1649. Abridged edition. Richard S. Dunn & Laetitia Yeandle, ed. p. 130 - 131.]]
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'When I break your staff of bread, ten women will bake your bread in one oven, and they will bring back your bread in rationed amounts, so that you will eat and not be satisfied. 27Yet if in spite of this you do not obey Me, but act with hostility against Me, Then in my anger I will be hostile toward you, and I myself will punish you for your sins seven times over. And ye shall eat the flesh of your sons and the flesh of your daughters shall ye eat ~Leviticus 26:28-29
wait... what?
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The colony was conceived by the Dutch West India Company (WIC) in 1621 to capitalise on the North American fur trade. During its first decades, New Netherland was settled rather slowly, stemming both from policy mismanagement by the WIC as well as conflicts with American Indians. The settlement of
When the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was founded in 1602, some traders in Amsterdam did not agree with its monopolistic politics. With help from Petrus Plancius, a Dutch-Flemish astronomer, cartographer and clergyman, they sought for a northeastern or northwestern access to Asia to circumvent the VOC monopoly. In 1609 English explorer Henry Hudson, in employment of the VOC, landed on the coast of New England and sailed up what is now known as the Hudson River, in his quest for the Northwest Passage to Asia. However, he failed to find a passage. Consequently, in 1615 Isaac Le Maire and Samuel Blommaert, assisted by others, focused on finding a south-westerly route around South America's Tierra del Fuego archipelago, in order to circumvent the monopoly of the VOC.
One of the first sailors who focused on trade with Africa was Balthazar de Moucheron. The trade with Africa offered several possibilities to set up trading posts or factories, an important starting point for negotiations. It was Blommaert, however, who stated that in 1600 eight companies sailed on the coast of Africa, compe
The Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded by the owners of the Massachusetts Bay Company, which included investors in the failed Dorchester Company that had established a short-lived settlement on Cape Ann in 1623. The colony began in 1628 and was the company's second attempt at colonization. It was successful, with about 20,000 people migrating to New England in the 1630s. The population was strongly Puritan, and its governance was dominated by a small group of leaders who were strongly influenced by Puritan religious leaders. Its governors were elected, and the electorate were limited to freemen who had been examined for their religious views and formally admitted to the local church. As a consequence, the colonial leadership exhibited intolerance to other religious views, including Anglican, Quaker, and Baptist theologies.
December 1620, a group of Pilgrims established Plymouth Colony just to the south of Massachusetts Bay, seeking to preserve their cultural identity and attain religious independence. Plymouth's colonists faced great hardships and earned few profits for their investors, who sold their interests to the settlers in 1627.[13] Edward Winslow and William Bradford, two of its leaders, were likely authors of a work published in England in 1622 called Mourt's Relation. This book in some ways resembles a promotional tract intended to encourage further migration.[14] There were other short-lived colonial settlements in 1623 and 1624 at present-day Weymouth, Massachusetts; the Wessagusset Colony of Thomas Weston and an effort by Robert Gorges to establish an overarching colonial structure both failed
"A City upon a Hill" is a phrase from the parable of Salt and Light in Jesus's Sermon on the Mount. In Matthew 5:14, he tells his listeners, "You are the light of the world. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hidden." It has become popular with American politicians.
The phrase entered the American lexicon early in its colonial history through the 1630 sermon "A Model of Christian Charity" preached by Puritan John Winthrop while still aboard the ship Arbella. Winthrop admonished the future Massachusetts Bay colonists that their new community would be "as a city upon a hill", watched by the world—which became the ideal that the New England colonists placed upon their hilly capital city of Boston.[1] The Puritans' community in New England would set an example of communal charity, affection, and unity to the world or, if the Puritans failed to uphold their covenant of God, "we shall be made a story and a by-word through the world" of God's judgment. Winthrop's sermon is often cited as an early example of American exceptionalism.
The Pilgrims, who set sail from Plymouth, England on a ship known as the Mayflower on September 6, 1620, had been bound for the imaginative ‘New global’. The Mayflower became a small deliver crowded with guys, girls and youngsters, except the sailors on board. Aboard have been passengers comprising the ‘separatists’, who referred to as themselves the “Saints”, and others, whom the separatists called the “Strangers”.
After land was sighted in November following 66 days of a lethal voyage, a assembly become held and an agreement of truce was worked out. It changed into known as the Mayflower Compact. The agreement assured equality many of the members of the 2 businesses. They merged collectively to be diagnosed because the “Pilgrims.” They elected John Carver as their first governor.
New Amsterdam (Dutch: Nieuw Amsterdam) was a 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island that served as the seat of the colonial government in New Netherland. The factorij became a settlement outside Fort Amsterdam. The fort was situated on the strategic southern tip of the island of Manhattan and was meant to defend the fur trade operations of the Dutch West India Company in the North River (Hudson River). In 1624, it became a provincial extension of the Dutch Republic and was designated as the capital of the province in 1625.
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The first officially declard English Thanksgiving happened in 1637 & it coincides w/ the Pequot genocide aka the Pequot war 1636 - 1638;
the last of the mohicans?; no, it was the last of the Pequot, & the Mohicans helped.
The Pequot war would see the end of the Pequot forever & ever; fkn genocide, like what's happening in Yemen & Myanmar right now;
pequot war saw over 1,500 Pequot murdered;
literal genocide & a cultural genocide too;
Treaty of Hartford of sept 21, 1638 said that nobody could speak the name of the Pequot ever again. all pequot towns & villages were outlawed, & remaining pequot were given to narrangassett or mohegan or bermuda;
sold to Bermuda & other caribbean islands as slaves;
never to come back to fk w/ english;
Hitler admired the assymetrical warfare of how the British slaughtered the horseless & gunless & unsuspecting natives;
May 1644; Underhill took up residence in New Amsterdam. Later that year John the Butcher Underhill led New Amsterdam's forces. The Indians on Long Island built a fort called Fort Neck in what is now Massapequa. Underhill attacked and burned the Massapequan fort, killing 120 American natives.
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Massasoit shows up with 90 Wampanoag/Pokanoket; Massasoit shakes William Bradford & company down. He finds out who they are. He finds out what they want. Massasoit then makes a political/military alliance with them. Bradford gets to keep the Patuxet lands they landed on, as long as Bradford stays allies with Massasoit.
Massasoit, once an agreement has been made, a 3 day Green Corn festival takes place.
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AFTER 1640:
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1643; Kieft hired the military commander Captain John Underhill, who recruited militia on Long Island to kill the American Natives there and in Connecticut. His forces killed more than 1,000 Natives including the 500 to 700 killed in the Pound Ridge Massacre.
February full moon; 1643;
the moon was ten at the full and threw a strong light against the mountain, so that many winter's days were not clearer than it was then. On arriving, the enemy was found on alert and on their guard, so that our people determined to charge and surround the huts, sword in hand. The Indians behaved like soldiers, deployed in small bands, so we had in a short time one dead and twelve wounded. They were likewise so hard pressed that it was impossible for one to escape. Ina brief period of time, one hundred and eighty were counted dead outside their houses. Presently none durst come forth, keeping themselves within the houses, discharging arrows through the holes. The General, seeing that nothing else was to be done, resolved with
Sergeant Major Underhill, to set fire to the huts. Whereupon the Indians tried every way to escape, not succeeding in which they returned back to the flames, preferring to perish by fire than to die by our hands.
"What was most wonderful is, that among the vast collection of men, women and children, not one was heard to cry or scream. According to the report of the Indians themselves, the number then destroyed exceeding five hundred. Some say, full 700, among whom were also 25 Wappingers, our God having collected together there the greater number of our enemies, to celebrate one of their festivals. No more than eight men in all escaped, of whom even three were severely wounded.
A thanksgiving was proclaimed on their arrival.
1655, the nearby colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River was forcibly absorbed into New Netherland after ships and soldiers were sent to capture it by the Dutch governor, Pieter Stuyvesant.
By 1655, the population of New Netherland had grown to 2,000 people, with 1,500 living in New Amsterdam. Prior to 1664, the population had exploded in nine years to almost 9,000 people in New Netherland, 2,500 of whom lived in New Amsterdam, 1,000 lived near Fort Orange, and the difference made up other towns and villages.[1]
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reactions of a very religious people who considered what happened to them as signs either of God's pleasure or displeasure with them
1777; The first American national day of thanksgiving, where all 13 colonies joined together in thanking God for the victory over the British at Saratoga, was declared by the Continental Congress on November 1, 1777.
1779, December 9: "Whereas it becomes us humbly to approach the throne of Almighty God... that he hath gone with those who went out into the wilderness against the savage tribes;"
James Madison declared two Thanksgiving days in 1815. Of the early presidents, Washington, Adams, and Madison were the only ones to declare national days of Thanksgiving. In each case, they were individual, not annual, observances
The Confederate Congress declared a Thanksgiving service for July 28, 1861 for their victory at Bull Run, and another for September 18, 1862, for the Second Battle at Bull Run;;
But national Thanksgiving proclamations did not become an annual tradition until Abraham Lincoln's Proclamation of 1863. On April 13, 1862, Lincoln declared a Thanksgiving day for the Union victory at Shiloh.
Lincoln declared another national Thanksgiving for August 6, 1863, for the Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg. On October 3, 1863, Lincoln declared a second Thanksgiving for that year to be on the last Thursday in November, this time not just for a specific event, but for God's goodness and blessings in general.
Since 1863, Presidential Thanksgiving proclamations have been an annual tradition. Sarah Josepha Hale, a magazine editor, had been writing editorials and letters to governors and presidents campaigning for an annual national day of Thanksgiving for many years (different sources say 20 to 40) when Lincoln made his proclamations. On October 20, 1864, Lincoln again set the final Thursday in November as a national Thanksgiving Day. Andrew Johnson followed with a Thanksgiving on December 7, 1865 (celebrating the Union victory). Since then each President has issued annual proclamations of national Thanksgiving. Most were for the last Thursday in November until 1939, when Franklin Roosevelt moved Thanksgiving one week earlier to allow for a longer Christmas retail season. Public uproar against this decision caused him to move it back in 1941. On November 26, 1941, Roosevelt signed a bill that established the fourth Thursday in November as the national legal holiday of Thanksgiving.
events were thanks being given for? Many things, such as rain to end a drought, and safe arrival of ships after a difficult voyage; but also many for victory in various wars, some against Indians, and some battles in the War of Independence and the Civil War. None of the Presidential Thanksgiving Proclamations mention the Plymouth Pilgrims or their celebration of 1621 until well after the annual, national Thanksgiving of today was established. (Herbert Hoover's proclamation of 1931 is the first to mention the Pilgrims.)
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"Then you shall eat the offspring of your own body, the flesh of your sons and of your daughters whom the LORD your God has given you, during the siege and the distress by which your enemy will oppress you." ~Deuteronomy 28:53
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1676 proclamation is giving thanks for the English victory in a war that almost wiped out the people who "the first Thanksgiving" of 1621 was supposed to be celebrated with! for expedients adopted by Massachusetts to obtain money to defend the frontiers. Yet the number killed and sold, along with those who escaped, practically destroyed the warring Indians. According to the Massachusetts Records of 1676-1677 a day was set apart for public thanksgiving, because, among other things of moment, “there now scarce remains a name or family of them (the Indians) but are either slain, captivated or fled.” Fifty-five years after the original Thanksgiving Day, the Puritans had destroyed the generous Wampanoag and all other neighboring tribes. The Wampanoag chief King Philip was beheaded. His head was stuck on a pole in Plymouth, where the skull still hung on display 24 years later.
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Lincoln's proclamation of 1863, while having nothing to do with the Pilgrims' first good harvest, shows a deep respect and thankfulness to God, an acknowledgement of national sins, and a plea for God's help to end the Civil War and heal the wounded country.
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After reading Einstein’s papers on general relativity, the astronaut finds out that acceleration cannot be distinguished from gravity and that gravity slows down clocks. Her clock lost time during the acceleration and deceleration periods, and that kept her younger.
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The Mohegan treated their Pequot so badly that by 1655 the English were forced to remove them. Two reservations were established for the Pequot in 1666 and 1683. By 1762 there were only 140 Pequot, and the decline continued until reaching a low-point of 66 in the 1910 census. At present, the State of Connecticut recognizes two Pequot tribes: Mashantucket and Paucatuck. The 600 Paucatuck (Eastern Pequot) have retained the Lantern Hill Reservation (226 acres) at North Stonington but are not federally recognized. The Mashantucket (Western Pequot) received federal recognition in 1983. Created from lands purchased from the profits of a bingo operation and successful land claim settlement, their Ledyard reservation has expanded to 1,800 acres. Dramatic changes occurred after a gambling casino began to generate enormous profits in 1992, and with 320 members, the Mashantucket have suddenly discovered that they have many "long-lost relatives."
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"So we boiled my son and ate him; and I said to her on the next day, 'Give your son, that we may eat him'; but she has hidden her son."
2 Kings 6:29
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Seperatists; food, games and prayer.
The Pilgrims had religious freedom in Holland, where they first arrived in the early 17th century. Like those who settled Jamestown, Va., in 1607, the Pilgrims came to North America to make money, Mr. Loewen said.
“They were also coming here in order to establish a religious theocracy, which they did,” he said. “That’s not exactly the same as coming here for religious freedom. It’s kind of coming here against religious freedom.”
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Shortly after the burning of Fort Mystic, at least 30 male Pequot prisoners were killed by the English. After the war, the prisoners not sold to foreign countries were divided as slaves among the Indian allies of the English. On September 21, 1638, in the Treaty of Hartford, it was declared that: 1.) Survivors of the swamp siege be divided as slaves among the Indian allies: 80 to Uncas and Mohegans, 80 to Miantonomo and Narragansets, 20 to Ninigret and Niantics; 2.) No Pequot may inhabit former Pequot territory; 3.) The name Pequot may not be used, slaves must take the name of the tribe to which they are enslaved. Alden Vaughan states that "Toward the end of 1637 the few remaining sachems begged for an end to the war, promising vassalage in return for their lives. A peace convention was arranged for the following September. With the Treaty of Hartford, signed September 21, 1638, the Pequots ceased to exist as an independent polity". A small remnant of the Pequot tribe did remain. The United Colonies of Connecticut "set aside 8,000 acres as a home for the scattered remnants of the Pequot tribe, the first Indian reservation in the United States". And William Williams talks about "a remnant of the Pequots still existing. They live in the town of Groton, and amount to about forty souls".
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Butcher Underhill;
Underhill; soldier in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Province of New Hampshire, where he also served as governor; the New Haven Colony, New Netherland, and later the Province of New York, settling on Long Island. Hired to train militia in New England;
Early in 1636, John Underhill was sent to Salem to arrest Roger Williams, considered a heretic by the Puritans. But, Roger Williams had already fled to Rhode Island.
In August 1636 Underhill led an expedition to Block Island.
Underhill was removed from office and disfranchised in 1637, banished along with Anne Hutchinson in 1638, and excommunicated in 1640
Dutch Navigator, Captain David Pieterszoon described John Underhill’s slaughter of another village, another native American people, in his journal:
"Infants were torn from their mother’s breasts, and hacked to pieces in the presence of their parents, and pieces thrown into the fire and in the water, and other sucklings, being bound to small boards, were cut, stuck, and pierced, and miserably massacred in a manner to move a heart of stone. Some were thrown into the river, and when the fathers and mothers endeavored to save them, the soldiers would not let them come on land but made both parents and children drown."
Using John Underhill and his mercenaries as their primary enforcer, English and Dutch colonials collaborated strategically to annihilate the Hackensack, Haverstraw, Munsee, Navasink, Raritan and Tappan bands from New Jersey; the Wecquaesgeek, Sintsink, Kitchawank, Nochpeem, Siwanoy, Tankiteke, and Wappinger from east of the Hudson; and the Canarsee, Manhattan, Rockaway, Matinecock, Massapequa (Marsapeque), Secatoag, and Merrick Indians on Long Island.
1640; Governor John Winthrop had written letters to citizens of Dover denouncing Underhill.
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FEB 1644; The Pound Ridge massacre of Delaware aka Lenape;
February 1644, working for the Dutch, Underhill slaughtered an estimated 500 to 700 Lenape, thought to be of the Siwanoy and Wechquaesgeek bands of the Wappinger Confederacy. The killings occurred at a winter village of the natives;
The Pound Ridge massacre was a battle of Kieft's War that took place in March 1644 between the forces of New Netherland and members of the Wappinger Confederacy at a Wappinger Confederacy village in the present-day town of Pound Ridge, New York. A mixed force of 130 Dutch and English soldiers led by Captain John Underhill launched a night attack on the village and destroyed it with fire. 500 to 700 members of the Wappinger Confederacy were killed while the New Netherland force lost one man killed and fifteen wounded. More casualties were suffered in this attack than in any other single incident in the war. Shortly after the battle several local Wappinger Confederacy sachems sued for peace.
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n April 1644, seven savages were arrested at Hempstead on Long Island for killing two or three pigs, although later found that some Englishmen had done it. Kieft sent John Underhill and fifteen or sixteen soldiers to Hempstead, who killed three of the seven in a cellar. John Underhill then put the four remaining Indians in a boat, two of whom were towed behind in the water by a string round their necks. The soldiers drowned these two men and the two unfortunate survivors were detained as prisoners at Fort Amsterdam where they were brutally tortured. A critic of the events, perhaps David DeVries, wrote of Kieft's brutality in the most inflammatory manner possible to drive home his point that Kieft must be recalled:
When (the Indian prisoners) had been kept a long time in the corps de garde, the Director became tired of giving them food any longer and they were delivered to the soldiers to do with as they pleased. The poor unfortunate prisoners were immediately dragged out of the guard house and soon dispatched with knives of from 18 to 20 inches long which Director Kieft had made for his soldiers for such purposes, saying that swords were for use in the huts of the savages, when they went to surprise them; but that these knives were much handier for bowelling them.
The first of these savages having received a frightful wound, desired them to permit him to dance what is called the Kinte Kayce, a religious use observed among them before death; he received however so many wounds that he dropped down dead. The soldiers then cut strips from the other's body, beginning at the calves, up the back, over the shoulders and down to the knees. While this was going on, Governor Kieft, w
Governor Kieft, with his comrade Jan de la Montaigne, a Frenchman, (and Fort physician) stood laughing heartily at the fun and rubbing his right arm, so much delight the took in such scenes. He then ordered it to be taken out of the fort, and the soldiers bringing him to the Beaver's Path, he dancing the Kinte Kayce the entire time, threw him down, cut off his genetales, thrust them in his mouth while still alive, and at last placing him on a mill stone cut off his head . . . What I tell you is true, for by the same token there stood at the same time 24 0r 25 female savages who had been taken prisoner at the N.. point of the fort; and when they saw this bloody spectacle they held up their arms, struck their mouth, and, in their language exclaimed: "For shame! For shame! Such unheard of cruelty was never known, or even thought among us!" The savages have often called out to us from a distance: "what scoundrels you Swanneken are, you do not war upon us, but upon our wives and children who you treacherously murder; whereas we do no harm either to your wives or your children, but feed and take care of them, till we send them back to you again.
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The Pequot War (1637) actually began during the summer of 1636 when another Boston trader, John Oldham, was killed as the western Niantic captured his boat near Block Island. Richard Mather, in a sermon delivered in Boston, denounced the Pequot as the "accursed seeds of Canaan," in effect turning the confrontation in Connecticut into a "holy war" of the Puritans against the forces of darkness. With these fiery words urging them to action, Massachusetts, without bothering to consult the colonists in Connecticut, sent a punitive expedition of 90 men under the command of John Endecott (Endicott) to Block Island in August with orders to kill every man and take the women and children prisoners. The English soldiers managed to kill 14 Niantic and an undetermined number of dogs before they escaped into the woods and then burned the village and crops. Endicott then loaded his men back into the boats and sailed over to Fort Saybrook to add some additional soldiers for the second part of his mission - a visit to the Pequot village at the mouth of the Thames river to demand 1,000 fathoms of wampum for the death of Oldham and several Pequot children as hostages.
His arrival at Saybrook was the first indication the Connecticut colonists had of what had happened and since they would bear the brunt of the Pequot and Niantic retaliation, they were very upset. However, the situation was already beyond repair, so they reluctantly provided Endicott with the few men they could spare. Endicott then sailed up the coast to the Pequot village and came ashore to make his demands. The Pequot were just as stunned to learn what had happened as the English had been at Saybrook but managed to stall while everyone escaped into the woods leaving Endicott with an empty village to destroy. Satisfied he had "chastised" enough heathen for one day, Endicott loaded his men into the boats and returned to Boston. The Pequot, however, had recognized some of the Saybrook soldiers, who expecting a siege afterwards, had stolen their corn. Their fears were soon realized.
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The Pequot War ended where it began, on Block Island. On August 1, 1637 Israel Stoughton pursued refugee bands of Pequot, and sailed to Block Island with a small force to seek satisfaction from the Manisses. Stoughton and his men killed several Manisses and burned several wigwams before the Manisses submitted to English authority.
The Hartford Treaty
The Treaty of Hartford ratified by the English, Mohegan and Narragansett on September 21, 1638 was the official end to the Pequot War. The treaty stipulated that the surviving Pequot were to be dispersed among the Mohegan and Narragansett, and no longer to be called Pequot. The treaty also stipulated that the surviving Pequot would never be allowed to live in their former territory.
there were only 66 by the time of the 1910 census. Currently, there are almost 1,000 Pequot, but things have changed dramatically for the Mashantucket in recent years. Connecticut sold off 600 acres of their reservation without permission in 1856, and a lawsuit filed in 1976 to recover this land resulted in a $700,000 settlement. Federal recognition was received in 1983, and after a successful bingo operation, an incredibly profitable gambling casino was opened in 1992 which has made the Mashantucket Pequot the wealthiest group of Native Americans in the United States. After a 350 year truce, the Mashantucket may actually have won the Pequot War.
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Governor Willem Kieft,
mass murderer Underhill, the Marsapeque Indians of Long Island built a fort called Fort Neck located in modern-day Massapequa. Underhill attacked and burned the Marsapeque fort, killing hundreds of Indians.
When negotiating with Takapausha, the interpreter translated “purchase the land” to “share hunting grounds” which was the closest metaphor that could be expressed in the Algonquian language of the Long Island Indians. Takapausha asserted that he sold the Dutch the use of the land, but not the land itself.
February 1644, still under Dutch contract, Underhill continued his Indian killing ways. He and his mercenaries slaughtered an estimated 500 to 700 Indians from the Siwanoy and Wechquaesgeek groups of the Wappinger Confederacy. The killings occurred at a winter village of the Indians located in present-day Pound Ridge, in Westchester County, New York. Underhill’s army also attacked Indian encampments north of Stamford, Connecticut, killing some 700 Indians in a single day
1638; 1st Munsee War; Less than a year after Mystic, Underhill and his militia launched a surprise attack on a Munsee village in what is now Westchester County, New York wiping out the entire village, killing over five hundred Munsee Indians. For this, he was credited with ending what was later designated The First Munsee War.
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AFTERMATH; Winthrop;Happy were they who could bring their heads into the English; came everyday to Windsor or Hartford;
This day forth shall be a day of celebration and thanksgiving for subduing the Pequots, read
“‘Thanksgiving Day'” was first proclaimed by the in 1637,” as from Newell, which was John Winthrop.
from 1620 onward the Pequot and British settlers lived side by side in mutual helpfulness and peaceful trade. Gradually, however, Pequot resentment swelled as increasing numbers of colonists encroached upon the tribe’s customary territory. The Pequot were concerned regarding these intrusions because their territory had already been reduced to the region between Narragansett Bay and the Connecticut River. The Pequot eventually promised all tribal trade to the Dutch, a course of action much resented by the British.
Before the Pequot War (1636-1637), Pequot territory was approximately 250 square miles in southeastern Connecticut. Today, this area includes the towns of Groton, Ledyard, Stonington, North Stonington and southern parts of Preston and Griswold. The Thames and Pawcatuck Rivers formed the western and eastern boundaries, Long Island Sound the southern boundary and Preston and Griswold (southern parts) the northern boundary. Some historic sources suggest that Pequot territory extended four to five miles east of the Pawcatuck River to an area called Weekapaug in Charlestown, Rhode Island prior to the Pequot War.
Within this territory during the early 17th century lived some 8,000 Pequot men, women and children (4,000 after the smallpox epidemics of 1633-1634), residing in 15-20 villages of between 50 to 400 people before the war. These villages were located along the estuaries of the Thames, Mystic and Pawcatuck Rivers and along Long Island Sound.
the arrival of the Dutch in 1611 and English in the early 1630’s.
THE GREAT GRAND CONCLUSION; WHAT SHOULD BE DONE WITH THXGVN & WHY;
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"The Holy God having by a long and Continual Series of his Afflictive dispensations in and by the present Warr with the Heathen Natives of this land, written and brought to pass bitter things against his own Covenant people in this wilderness, yet so that we evidently discern that in the midst of his judgements he hath remembered mercy, having remembered his Footstool in the day of his sore displeasure against us for our sins, with many singular Intimations of his Fatherly Compassion, and regard; reserving many of our Towns from Desolation Threatened, and attempted by the Enemy, and giving us especially of late with many of our Confederates many signal Advantages against them, without such Disadvantage to ourselves as formerly we have been sensible of, if it be the Lord's mercy that we are not consumed, It certainly bespeaks our positive Thankfulness, when our Enemies are in any measure disappointed or destroyed; and fearing the Lord should take notice under so many Intimations of his returning mercy, we should be found an Insensible people, as not standing before Him with Thanksgiving, as well as lading him with our Complaints in the time of pressing Afflictions: The Council has thought meet to appoint and set apart the 29th day of this instant June, as a day of Solemn Thanksgiving and praise to God for such his Goodness and Favour, many Particulars of which mercy might be Instanced, but we doubt not those who are sensible of God's Afflictions, have been as diligent to espy him returning to us; and that the Lord may behold us as a People offering Praise and thereby glorifying Him; the Council doth commend it to the Respective Ministers, Elders and people of this Jurisdiction; Solemnly and seriously to keep the same Beseeching that being perswaded by the mercies of God we may all, even this whole people offer up our bodies and soulds as a living and acceptable Service unto God by Jesus Christ." ~William De Loss Love. Fast and Thanksgiving Days of New England. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1895, p. 202.
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william bradford;
snow white pure; lilly white pure; Puritans Christianity were more pure than church of england's christianity; puritan protestants purifying the english protestant church;
anti-Christmas; 1647; no-easter, no-christmas;
Plimouth Plantation;
was anti-catholic; brownist separatist, not a puritan; hated priests, hates churches, hates the pope;
pilgrim william bradford wanted all glory to king james, the homosexual king of the king james bible;
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at that 1621 feast, which wasn't a thanksgiving, wasn't declared one, nobody pretended it was one, had
no turkey;
no Turkey, no stuffing, no green bean casserole, no pumpkin pie;
no tar-tar sauce; no horsey sauce; no thousand island dressing; no ranch dressing; no schezwaun sauce;
no grated parmasean cheese; no jalepeno cheese dipping sauce; no totilla chips;
no big macs;
no sewage, no plumbing, no running water, no clean water;
They didnt even have a table knife in 1637, the gd'd savages.
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Franklin explained that the bald eagle had a “bad moral character” and was a “rank coward” that merely steals from other birds.
In Franklin’s letter from Paris to his daughter, dated January 26, 1784:
I am on this account not displeased that the figure is not known as an Eagle, but looks more like a Turkey. For the truth, the Turkey is in comparison a much more respectable bird, and withal a true original native of America… He is besides, though a little vain and silly, a bird of courage, and would not hesitate to attack a grenadier of the British Guards who should presume to invade his farm yard with a red coat on.
Writing from France on January 26, 1784 to his daughter Sally (Mrs. Sarah Bache) in Philadelphia, Franklin casts doubt on the propriety of using the eagle to symbolize the "brave and honest Cincinnati of America," a newly formed society of revolutionary war officers.
In a letter to his daughter, Benjamin Franklin wrote that the “Bald Eagle...is a Bird of bad moral Character. He does not get his Living honestly…[he] is too lazy to fish for himself.”
About the turkey, Franklin wrote that in comparison to the bald eagle, the turkey is “a much more respectable Bird, and withal a true original Native of America...He is besides, though a little vain & silly, a Bird of Courage.”
"For my own part I wish the Bald Eagle had not been chosen the Representative of our Country. He is a Bird of bad moral Character. He does not get his Living honestly. You may have seen him perched on some dead Tree near the River, where, too lazy to fish for himself, he watches the Labour of the Fishing Hawk; and when that diligent Bird has at length taken a Fish, and is bearing it to his Nest for the Support of his Mate and young Ones, the Bald Eagle pursues him and takes it from him.
"With all this Injustice, he is never in good Case but like those among Men who live by Sharping & Robbing he is generally poor and often very lousy. Besides he is a rank Coward: The little King Bird not bigger than a Sparrow attacks him boldly and drives him out of the District. He is therefore by no means a proper Emblem for the brave and honest Cincinnati of America who have driven all the King birds from our Country...
"I am on this account not displeased that the Figure is not known as a Bald Eagle, but looks more like a Turkey. For the Truth the Turkey is in Comparison a much more respectable Bird, and withal a true original Native of America... He is besides, though a little vain & silly, a Bird of Courage, and would not hesitate to attack a Grenadier of the British Guards who should presume to invade his Farm Yard with a red Coat on."
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