july 11

July 11. Happy Laser Day! Happy World Population Day! Happy Free Slurpee Day! Fuck Amazon Prime Day!

July 11, 1927. Theodore Harold Maiman, the inventor of the laser, was born.

July 11, 2000. The da Vinci robot surgical system was the first to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in gallbladder, gastroesophageal reflux, and gynecologic operations. 

July 11, 1921. Mongolia gains independence from China (National Day)

July 11, 1927 (7-11). Free Slurpee Day at participating stores of the 7-Eleven chain in North America for their July 11, 1927 founding of "Tote'm Stores". Customers can get a free small Slurpee at participating 7-Eleven locations on Tuesday from 11 a.m. to 7 p.m.

July 11, 1960. Ivory Coast, Dahomey (Benin), Upper Volta (Burkina) & Niger declare independence. 
France legislates for the independence of Dahomey (later Benin), Upper Volta (later Burkina) and Niger.
Between January and December of 1960, 17 sub-Saharan African nations, including 14 former French colonies, gained independence from their former European colonists. http://www.france24.com/en/20100214-1960-year-independence

July 11, 1895. First ever automobile race: Paris to Bordeaux 1,178 km in 48 hours, 48 minutes.

July 11, 472. After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death. 
Anthemius was killed by Ricimer, his own general of Gothic descent, who contested power with him.
The emperor fled for the second time to St. Peter's Basillica; (or, according to other sources, to Santa Maria in Trastevere), where he was captured and beheaded by Gundobad or by Ricimer on 11 July 472.

July 11, 1992. Presidential candidate Ross Perot calls Black folks "you people" at an NAACP meeting. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FX4Jx1_ffpE "Financially at least, it's going to be a long, hot summer," Perot told the group. "Now I don't have to tell you who gets hurt first when this sort of thing happens, do I? ... "You people do, your people do. I know that, you know that."
The Dallas billionaire also said he supported representation in Congress for predominately black Washington, D.C., and supported changing banking regulations to stimulate lending in inner cities.
Perot noted the impact of crime on blacks, saying, "Good and decent people all over this country, and particularly your folks, have got bars on windows." Drug use, Perot said, "is absolutely devastating to our country and absolutely devastating to you and your people."
"Other white politicians are more polished. They know the jargon, they know what makes us applaud, like having a black in the Cabinet, making us partners," said Willie Clark, president of the NAACP's chapter in San Bernardino, Calif. "That's what we want to hear, even though deep down in our hearts we know they're lying."
Ross Perot cited his opposition to the gubernatorial bid of David Duke, a former Ku Klux Klan leader, in Louisiana last year and his experience as a youth with poor blacks in his hometown of Texarkana, Tex., as evidence of his sensitivity to the needs of minorities.

July 11, 1960. Czechoslovakia adopts Constitution.

July 11, 1962. Brothers Hank & Tommie Aaron homer in same inning.

UN World Population Day (International). "When the first UN World Population Day was marked in 1990, the global population stood at a little over five billion. It's now over 7.6 billion." http://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-40526618/world-population-day-in-numbers

July 11, 2015. Mexican drug lord Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán escapes from Altiplano maximum-security prison west of Mexico City via a specially constructed 1.5 km tunnel from his cell to a nearby house

July 11, 1960. Congo Crisis: The State of Katanga breaks away from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Moise Tsjombe declares Congolese county Katanga independence

July 11, 1972. The first game of the World Chess Championship 1972 between challenger Bobby Fischer and defending champion Boris Spassky starts.

July 11, 1960. "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee is first published by J. B. Lippincott & Co.

July 11, 1889. Tijuana in Mexico becomes a city.

July 11, 1981. Neva Rockefeller is 1st woman ordered to pay her husband alimony.

July 11, 1861. Battle of Rich Mountain, VA. Rosecrans forces rebels to surrender; The Battle of Rich Mountain took place on July 11, 1861, in Randolph County, Virginia (now West Virginia) as part of the Operations in Western Virginia Campaign during the American Civil War. Robert S. Garnett was killed; he was the first general officer to be killed in the war. George B. McClellan & William S. Rosecrans on Union with 7,000 soldiers, 46 died; Garnett w/ 1,300 Confederates; 300 died. 

July 11, 1984. Government orders air bags or seat belts would be required in cars by 1989.

July 11, 1971. Copper mines in Chile are nationalized. 1971 Chilean parliament nationalizes US copper mines

July 11, 1893. A revolution led by the liberal general and politician, José Santos Zelaya, takes over state power in Nicaragua.

July 11, 1920. East and West Prussia vote in a plebiscite to become part of Germany, though a slice of West Prussia will be handed to Poland to provide a 'Polish Corridor'.

July 11, 1804. Alexander Hamilton is shot & killed by Aaron Burr. 

Day of the Flemish Community (Flemish Community of Belgium); 
July 11, 1302;;; Battle of the Golden Spurs (Guldensporenslag in Dutch): A coalition around the Flemish cities defeats the king of France's royal army.

July 11, 1533. Pope Clement VII excommunicates England's King Henry VIII.

July 11, 1405. Ming admiral Zheng He sets sail to explore the world for the first time. Zheng took to the seas nearly a century before the European age of exploration began in earnest. Zheng He set sail on his first voyage on July 11, 1405, commanding 62 treasure ships, 190 smaller ships and 27,800 men. Many of these ships were mammoth nine-masted "treasure ships," by far the largest marine craft the world had ever seen. The fleet visited Annan, Champa (now South Vietnam), Siam, Malacca, and Java; then sailed through the Indian Ocean to Calicut, Cochin, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), returning to China in 1407.
Between 1405 and 1433, Zheng He commanded a series of seven naval expeditions sponsored by the Ming government to establish a Chinese presence and extend the tributary system to the maritime nations in Southeast Asia. At each port, Zheng He demanded that the inhabitants submit to the “Son of Heaven” (tianzi, the Chinese Emperor), and rewarded those who cooperated with gifts. Zheng He brought back emissaries from 36 countries who agreed to a tributary relationship, along with rich and unusual gifts, including African zebras and giraffes that ended their days in the Ming imperial zoo. Zheng He died during the seventh voyage and was buried at sea off the Malabar coast near Calicut in Western India. By the last week of 1405 the baochuan were harbored at the city of Qui Nhon in Champa, part of present-day Vietnam. After Champa the expedition proceeded to the islands of Java and Sumatra in what is now Indonesia, then west toward the most distant lands on its maiden journey, Sri Lanka and the Malabar Coast of India. Altogether, the voyage to India covered some 6,000 miles (9,656 kilometers), at an estimated average speed of 50 miles (80.5 kilometers) a day.
From the beginning the Treasure Fleet mixed business with exploration and diplomacy, carrying more than a million tons of Chinese silk, ceramics, and copper coinage on its westward runs, to be exchanged for tropical spices, fragrant woods, precious gems, animals, textiles, and minerals. And from the beginning it sailed troubled waters. Over the course of his seven expeditions Zheng He would be drawn into countless regional conflicts. Few were more storied than his 1407 encounter in the Strait of Malacca with the infamous Cantonese pirate Chen Zuyi.

July 11, 1525 Trial against "heretic" John Pistorius, a married Roman catholic priest, at The Hague; Jan Jansz de Bakker van Woerden (Latin name: Johannes Pistorius Woerdensis; 1499 – 15 September 1525) was a Roman Catholic priest who was the first preacher in the Northern Netherlands to be put to death as a direct result of his Protestant beliefs
speaking against mass & pardons?; 
Bakker was a pupil of Johannes Rhodius (Hinne Rode), headmaster of St. Jerome School of the Brethren of the Common Life in Utrecht, who was a proponent of Sacramentarianism. The Dutch Sacramentarians rejected the sacraments of the Catholic Church and denied that the host consecrated at Mass was the real body and blood of Jesus Christ. They called indulgences and pilgrimages mere idolatry and were critical of the low moral standards and conduct of the clergy. After he returned he continued his preaching and aggravated his conflict with the Roman Catholic Church by breaking his vow of celibacy and getting married.
In the night of May 9, 1525, Bakker was arrested and the next day transferred to The Hague, where was tried by the Inquisition. Refusing to recant, he was defrocked and sentenced to death, and on September 15, 1525 burned at the stake in The Hague. His widow saved her life by recanting views similar to her husband's and lived out her life in an abbey.
Gevangenpoort in The Hague where Jan de Bakker was incarcerated prior to his execution in 1525; 10 other "criminals" were in there, including a naked man whom Pistorius clothed with his robe; 
By contrast to these traditional measures, the Council of Holland did not shrink from the death penalty provided for in Charles V's placard of 8 May 1521. During the 1520s, most people convicted of heresy by the Council were sentenced to exile or to the performance of ecclesiastical penance. But two particularly stubborn and articulate defenders of the new gospel were publicly burned at the stake in The Hague: the priest Jan Pistorius of Woerden (1525), and Wendelmoet Klaasdochter (1527), a housewife of Monnikendam. The courageous demeanor of both of these victims of the placards was vividly described in anonymously printed eyewitness accounts, which helped create the new literary genre of Netherlands Protestant martyrology;
Pistorius gave his neck to the band that would strangle him, willingly, then he was burned at the stake; at his death, "O death! where is thy victory?" 

July 11, 1861. Battle of Laurel Mountain VA. Gen Morris forces retreat of Confederates; 

July 11, 813. Emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abdicates in favor of his general Leo the Armenian, and becomes a monk (under the name Athanasius).

Eleventh Night (Northern Ireland);; In Northern Ireland, the Eleventh Night or 11th Night refers to the night before the Twelfth of July, a yearly Ulster Protestant celebration. On this night, large towering bonfires are lit in many Protestant/loyalist neighbourhoods in Northern Ireland and are often accompanied by street parties. The bonfires are mostly made up of wooden pallets and tires, with some reaching over 100 ft tall. The event has been condemned by opponents for displays of sectarian or ethnic hatred, anti-social behaviour, and for the damage and pollution caused by the fires. The flag of the Republic of Ireland, Irish nationalist (including republican) symbols, Catholic symbols, and effigies, are burnt on many bonfires.

July 11, 1862. Lincoln appoints General Halleck general-in-chief

July 11, 1975. The archaeological wonder "Terracotta Army" is found in China. 

July 11, 1893. The first cultured pearl is obtained by Kokichi Mikimoto.




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July 11, 2014. The UN Security Council calls for a special meeting to discuss the current Israel–Palestinian conflict; Israel continue attacks on Gaza https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=48257#.WWUmsx_6zeQ 

1735 – Mathematical calculations suggest that it is on this day that dwarf planet Pluto moved inside the orbit of Neptune for the last time before 1979.

July 11, 1979. U.S. space station, Skylab, re-entered the Earth's atmosphere. It disintegrated, spreading fragments across the southeastern Indian Ocean and over a sparsely populated section of western Australia, where a cow died after being struck by a piece of falling debris.

2001 Iraq resumes oil exports, ending a 5-week halt in protest of a US and British-sponsored UN Security Council resolution

In 1811, Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro published his memoire about the molecular content of gases.

1979 – America's first space station, Skylab, is destroyed as it re-enters the Earth's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean.

2012 S/2012 P 1, the fifth moon of Pluto is discovered

1946 Kingman Douglass ends term as deputy director of CIA
1948 1st air bombing of Jerusalem

Free Slurpee Day (Participating stores of the 7-Eleven chain in North America)

July 11 is the 192nd day of the year (193rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 173 days remaining until the end of the year

July 11, 1804. Alexander Hamilton is shot dead by Aaron Burr. http://www.badassoftheweek.com/index.cgi?id=804252012663 
Alexander Hamilton wanted to indebt America with a deficit so it would be enslaved to the government. He was for an "elected monarch", so he wasn't for the 3 branches of govt. He wanted a US Central Bank, the 1 thing Andrew Jackson can be patted on the back for. 

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In 1997, the first sequencing of pieces of DNA extracted from a Neanderthal-type specimen was published in the journal Cell, by a team of scientists led by Svent Pääbo. In the groundbreaking study, mitochondrial DNA was amplified from a sample (a small piece of the arm bone) from the first Neanderthal man found (1856). “The Neanderthal sequence falls outside the variation of modern humans.” The results suggested that from their common origin (“African Eve”), Neanderthals split off from humans a little over 550,000 years ago as a separate species and “went extinct without contributing mtDNA to modern humans.” (Using population models, Pääbo, more recently estimated that Neanderthals could have contributed up to 25% of their genetic makeup to modern human, but likely much less.)

In 1975, Chinese archeologists announced the uncovering of a 3-acre burial mound concealing 6000 clay statues of warriors and their regalia dating from 221 to 206 BC. The "Terracotta Army" was uncovered near the ancient capital of Xian. The 7,000 lifesize clay soldiers and horses were buried in pits in battle formation facing east to guard the tomb of China's first emperor, Qin Shi Huang. The figures were modeled after the emperor's real army, and each face is different. The buried wonder was found in 1974 in the course of digging a well.

1919 Dutch 2nd chamber approves 8-hour day/No Sunday work
1812 US invades Canada (Detroit frontier)
July 11, 1995;; 7,000 Albanian Muslim men are massacred when Bosnian Serbs overrun the UN 'safe haven' of Srebrenica.
Born 11 Jul 1927; died 5 May 2007 at age 79. Theodore Harold Maiman was an American physicist who built the first working laser. He began working with electronic devices in his teens, while earning college money by repairing electrical appliances and radios. In the 1960s, he developed, demonstrated, and patented a laser using a pink ruby medium. The laser is a device that produces monochromatic coherent light (light in which the rays are all of the same wavelength and phase). The laser has since been applied in a very wide range of uses, including eye surgery, dentistry, range-finding, manufacturing, even measuring the distance between the Earth and the Moon.
2006 209 people are killed in a series of bomb attacks in Mumbai, India.
2012 Police academy suicide bombing kills 20 in Sana'a, Yemen
2013 30 people are killed in a wave of bomb and gun attacks across Iraq
1789 – Jacques Necker is dismissed as France's Finance Minister sparking the Storming of the Bastille.
1796 – The United States takes possession of Detroit from Great Britain under terms of the Jay Treaty.
1798 – The United States Marine Corps is re-established; they had been disbanded after the American Revolutionary War.
1801 – French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons makes his first comet discovery. In the next 27 years he discovers another 36 comets, more than any other person in history.
In 2000, the da Vinci robot surgical system was the first to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in gallbladder, gastroesophageal reflux, and gynecologic operations. 
The advanced medical device was an offshoot of robotic technology developed by the U.S. Dept of Defense for military applications. In the 1990s, Intuitive Surgical, Inc. and Computer Motion (which merged in 2000) developed robotic interfaces for use in human surgical applications. A three- or four-armed robot, manipulates instruments with precise wrist-like dexterity, remotely controlled by the surgeon from a computer console. Instruments and cameras are guided through quite small openings in the body, which is much less invasive than previous methods, enabling earlier release from hospital and more rapid healing.«

In 1801, French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons (24 Sep 1761 - 14 Oct 1831) discovers his first comet. In his lifetime he discovered or co-discovered up to 37 comets. Since 1789, when he got a post at the Observatory at Marseilles as concierge, Pons quickly learned how to make observations with the instruments. He had a remarkable ability to remember the star fields he observed and to recognize changes. He logged his first discovery of a comet on 11 July 1801, which he had to share with Messier who found it a day later. Interestingly, as Pons' made his first comet discovery, that comet was Messier's last. Almost once every year, thereafter until 1827 when he eyesight declined, Pons found a new comet. Jean-Louis Pons set the record for visual discoveries of comets by an individual.

1863 Battle at Green River, Ky (Morgan's Ohio Raid)

1962 – Project Apollo: At a press conference, NASA announces lunar orbit rendezvous as the means to land astronauts on the Moon, and return them to Earth.
1976 France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island
1981 France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island
1984 Lucas Mangope re-elected president of Bophuthatswana
1985 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR

1990 – Oka Crisis: First Nations land dispute in Quebec, Canada begins.
1994 – PTV is introduced as a kids programming block for PBS to broadcast educational programming to underprivileged children.
1990 Oka Crisis: First Nations land dispute in Quebec, Canada begins.
1995 – Srebrenica massacre begins; lasts until 22 July.
1895 Auguste & Louis Lumière show film for scientists
1924 Muslim-Hindu rebellion in Delhi, India
1892 US Patent Office says J W Swan, rather than Thomas Edison, invented the electric light carbon for the incandescent lamp

1962 US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Christmas Island
1962 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1963 South-African ANC Walter Sisulu/Andrew Mlangeni/Govan Mbeki arrested

1863 Japanese battle cruiser shoots at Dutch warship Medusa, kills 4
1864 Battle of Fort Stevens, DC (Early's Raid, Tennallytown, MD)
1864 Confederate forces led by Gen J Early begin invasion of Washington, D.C.

1905 Black intellectuals & activists lead by WEB Dubois organize the civil rights Niagara Movement
1906 The Gillette-Brown murder inspires Theodore Dreiser's An American Tragedy.

1943 US 45th Division occupies airport Comiso Sicily
1943 US 82nd Airborne division shot at by "friendly fire" in Sicily
1943 Massacres of Poles in Volhynia.
1944 Franklin Roosevelt announces that he will run for a fourth term as President of the United States

1962 – First transatlantic satellite television transmission; 1962 1st transatlantic TV transmission via satellite (Telstar I)


1955 Congress authorizes all US currency to say "In God We Trust"
1955 New USAF Academy dedicated at Lowry AFB in Colorado with 300 cadets

1986 Ingrid Kristiansen of Norway runs 10,000 m in world record 30:13.74
1986 Maricica Puica of Romania runs 2,000 m in 5:28.69 (record for women)
1986 Mary Beth Whitehead christens surrogate Baby M, Sara
1973 – Varig Flight 820 crashes near Paris, France on approach to Orly Airport, killing 123 of the 134 on board. In response, the FAA bans smoking on flights.
1978 – Los Alfaques disaster: A truck carrying liquid gas crashes and explodes at a coastal campsite in Tarragona, Spain killing 216 tourists.
1991 – Nigeria Airways Flight 2120 crashes in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia killing all 261 passengers and crew on board.
2006 – Mumbai train bombings: Two hundred nine people are killed in a series of bomb attacks in Mumbai, India.
2010 – July 2010 Kampala attacks: At least 74 people are killed in twin suicide bombings at two locations in Kampala, Uganda
2011 – Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion: Ninety-eight containers of explosives self-detonate killing 13 people in Zygi, Cyprus.

China National Maritime Day (China)

Day of the Bandoneón (Argentina); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_bandoneon 


Gospel Day (Kiribati)
Imamat Day (Isma'ilism)
National Day of Commemoration, held on the nearest Sunday to this date (Ireland)

The first day of Naadam (July 11–15) (Mongolia)

1991 Calumet Farm, home to 8 Kentucky Derby winners, files bankruptcy

1991 Total solar eclipse is seen in Hawaii