thxgvn notes 2
xxx
Hackensack; Hackensack spoke the Unami dialect, one of the three major parts of the Lenape languages, which were part of the Algonquian language family. Unami meant the "people down river",[1] and they identified themselves with the totem of the turtle ("Turtle Clan").
New Amsterdam (at the tip of Manhattan) lived nearby, the Hackensack had early and frequent contact with the New Netherlanders. They traded beaver, pelts,
sewant,
manufactured goods, including firearms, gunpowder and alcohol.
notable Hackensack; Oratam (or Oritani) was sagamore, or sachem, of the Hackensack Indians living in northeastern New Jersey during the period of early European colonization in the 17th century. he lived an unusually long life (almost 90 years) and was influential.
The Hackensacks were a sub-group of the Unami, or Turtle Clan, of the Lenni-Lenape, numbering close to a thousand
Hackensack numbered about
one thousand,[6] of whom 300 were warriors.[5] Their sachem (or high chief) was Oratam OR Oritani [7] (born circa 1576[8]). He was likely also the sagamore of the Tappan, a distinct but intimately related Lenape group. The Tappan and the Hackensack were one tribe; Lenape & Shawnee; Mohegan & Pequot too;
The society of the Unami was based on governance by consensus, or unanimous agreement, which its leaders were obliged to follow or to abdicate;;;
February 1643, the governor of New Netherland William Kieft allowed the massacre of eighty Wecquaesgeek and Tappan who had taken refuge near one of the plantations at Harsimus in Pavonia.
The Hackensacks, Tappans, and Montauks made common cause with the Wappinger, and retaliated by attacking "bouweries" (home farms) and plantations (outlying fields).
By April, though, Oratam, representing the Tappans, Reckgawanacs (Manhattans), Kicktawancs, and Sintsinck, concluded a treaty with the New Netherlanders.
xxx
Tankiteke;
Kitchawank
Wappinger
Manhattan,
Rockaway;
Tankiteke;
Nochpeem;
Siwanoy;
Mattabesec.
Hackensack, Kitchawank, Merrick natives, Siwanoy, Wappinger, Manhattan, Canarsee, Rockaway;
Haverstraw, Munsee, Navasink, Raritan and Tappan bands from New Jersey;
the Wecquaesgeek, Sintsink, Nochpeem,
Siwanoy, Tankiteke, and Wappinger from east of the Hudson;
the Canarsee, Manhattan, Rockaway, Matinecock, Massapequa (Marsapeque), Secatoag, and Merrick Indians on Long Island.
Wappinger proper; Manhattan; Wecquaesgeek; Sintsink; Kitchawank;
Tankiteke; Nochpeem; Siwanoy; Mattabesec.
Unami speakers in the area included: the Raritan on Staten Island/Raritan Bay, the Acquackanonk on the Passaic River, and the Tappan along the Palisades and Pascack Valley and the Pompton people, along the Passaic River and Saddle River and tributaries,
These groups, along with the Wappinger in the Hudson Valley, and Canarsee and Rockaway on Long Island, were sometimes collectively called the River Indians.
Raritan were bands of the Lenape people living around the Raritan River and its bay, in what is now northeastern New Jersey and Staten Island, New York.
The Raritan had early contact with settlers in the colony of New Netherland. William Kieft, governor of New Netherland, planned an extermination campaign against them, on the pretext of pigs being stolen from a farm on present-day Staten Island
Wampage I, aka Anhõõke, was the Sachem of the Siwanoy Native Americans of Westchester County, New York. He took part in Kieft's War, fighting against the colony of New Netherland.The Siwanoys under the leadership of Wampage massacred the family of Anne Hutchinson (1591–1643). It has been written that Wampage himself was the murderer of Hutchinson and that he adopted the name of Anhõõke (Anne Hoek) due to a Native American tradition of taking the name of a notable person personally killed. On June 27, 1654, 50,000 acres (200 km²) of land were granted to Thomas Pell, reaching from the Bronx west along Long Island Sound to the Hutchinson River. Wampage and other Siwanoys signed a treaty under the Treaty Oak near Bartow Pell Mansion in Pelham. The other Siwanoys who signed the treaty were Shawanórõckquot, Poquõrúm, Wawhamkus, and Mehúmõw. Cockho, Kamaque, and Cockinsecawa also signed as "Indyan Witnesses" to the "Articles of Agreement" section of the Treaty.Sources indicate that Wampage's granddaughter Ann (or Anna) married Thomas Pell II, who was the third lord of Pelham Manor.
John Winthrop wrote, "She brought forth not one, but thirty monstrous births or thereabouts", then continued, "see how the wisdom of God fitted this judgment to her sin every way, for look—as she had vented misshapen opinions, so she must bring forth deformed monsters."
The Reverend Thomas Weld wrote, "The Lord heard our groans to heaven, and freed us from our great and sore affliction…. I never heard that the Indians in those parts did ever before this commit the like outrage upon any one family or families; and therefore God's hand is the more apparently seen herein, to pick out this woeful woman". Peter Bulkley, the pastor at Concord, wrote, "Let her damned heresies, and the just vengeance of God, by which she perished, terrify all her seduced followers from having any more to do with her leaven."
xxx
The Siwanoy warriors stampeded into the tiny settlement above Pelham Bay, prepared to burn down every house. The Siwanoy chief, Wampage, who had sent a warning, expected to find no settlers present. But at one house the men in animal skins encountered several children, young men and women, and a woman past middle age. One Siwanoy indicated that the Hutchinsons should restrain the family's dogs. Without apparent fear, one of the family tied up the dogs. As quickly as possible, the Siwanoy seized and scalped Francis Hutchinson, William Collins, several servants, the two Annes (mother and daughter), and the younger children—William, Katherine, Mary, and Zuriel. As the story was later recounted in Boston, one of the Hutchinson's daughters, "seeking to escape," was caught "as she was getting over a hedge, and they drew her back again by the hair of the head to the stump of a tree, and there cut off her head with a hatchet."
The warriors then dragged the bodies into the house, along with the cattle, and burned the house to the ground. During the attack, Hutchinson's nine year-old daughter Susanna was out picking blueberries; she was found, according to legend, hidden in the crevice of Split Rock nearby. She is believed to have had red hair, which was unusual to the Indians, and perhaps because of this curiosity her life was spared. She was taken captive, was named "Autumn Leaf" by one account, and lived with the Indians for two to six years (accounts vary) until ransomed back to her family members, most of whom were living in Boston.
xxx
soldiers taking the breasts off of dead Indian women's bodies and playing catch with them on bayonets. These are photos that show our US army stepping in little babies, frozen babies in the snow, and throwing them around.
xxx
less people in montana than in rhode island;
Providence Plantation was a colonial plantation that was the first permanent European American settlement in present-day Rhode Island. It was established at Providence in 1636 by English clergyman Roger Williams and a small band of followers who had left the oppressive atmosphere of the Massachusetts Bay Colony to seek freedom of worship. Narragansett sachems Canonicus and Miantonomi granted Williams a sizable tract of land for his new village.
"Providence Plantations" refers to the mainland portion of the state, which included Williams's Providence Plantation and Samuel Gorton’s Shawomet Purchase (1642), which was renamed Warwick Plantation. "Rhode Island" referred to Aquidneck Island, on which the settlements of Portsmouth (1638) and Newport (1639) were established.
In 1663, the four settlements merged to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Today, the state is officially named The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, although "and Providence Plantations" is little used.
he began the settlement of Providence Plantations in 1636 as a refuge offering freedom of conscience.
Williams was the 1638 founder of the First Baptist Church in America, also known as the First Baptist Church of Providence. He was also a student of Native American languages, an early advocate for fair dealings with American Indians, and one of the first abolitionists in North America, having organized the first attempt to prohibit slavery in any of the British American colonies. He is best remembered as the originator of the principle of separation of church and state.
Roger Williams (c. 21 December 1603 – between 27 January and 15 March 1683) was a Puritan, an English Reformed theologian, and later a Reformed Baptist who was expelled by the Puritan leaders from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because local officials thought that he was spreading "new and dangerous ideas" to his congregants. He fled the Massachusetts colony under the threat of impending arrest and shipment to an English prison; he began the settlement of Providence Plantations in 1636 as a refuge offering freedom of conscience.Williams was the 1638 founder of the First Baptist Church in America, also known as the First Baptist Church of Providence. He was also a student of Native American languages, an early advocate for fair dealings with American Indians, and one of the first abolitionists in North America, having organized the first attempt to prohibit slavery in any of the British American colonies. He is best remembered as the originator of the principle of separation of church and state
Almost immediately upon the Williams' arrival in Boston on 5 February 1631, the Boston church invited him to become its Teacher minister, to officiate while Rev. John Wilson returned to England to fetch his wife. However, Williams declined the position on grounds that it was "an unseparated church." In addition, Williams asserted that civil magistrates must not punish any sort of "breach of the first table [of the Ten Commandments]" (such as idolatry, Sabbath-breaking, false worship, and blasphemy), and that individuals should be free to follow their own convictions in religious matters. These three principles became central to Williams' subsequent career: separatism, freedom of religion, and separation of state and church.
After a time, Williams decided that the Plymouth church was not sufficiently separated from the Church of England. Furthermore, his contact with Native Americans had caused him to doubt the validity of the colonial charters. Governor Bradford later wrote that Williams fell "into some strange opinions which caused some controversy between the church and him."[13] In December 1632, Williams wrote a lengthy tract that openly condemned the King's charters and questioned the right of Plymouth (or Massachusetts) to the land without first buying it from the Indians. He even charged that King James had uttered a "solemn lie" in claiming that he was the first Christian monarch to have discovered the land. Williams moved back to Salem by the fall of 1633 and was welcomed by Rev. Samuel Skelton as an unofficial assistant.
"When they have opened a gap in the hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world, God hath ever broke down the wall itself, removed the candlestick, and made His garden a wilderness, as at this day."
xxx
oldest oyster shell middens on the North Atlantic Coast uncovered by archeologists on Croton Point confirm that the peninsula was inhabited by Native Americans as early as 7,000 years ago. Croton is, in fact, named for the Indian sachem, Kenoten, which means "wild wind.” In the 17th century, Indians of the Kitchawank tribe on the Wappinger Confederacy occupied a large fortified village on the high flat at the neck of Croton Point, which they called Navish. This was one of the most ancient and formidable Indian fortresses south of the Hudson Highlands. A marsh known by the Indians as “Senasqua” separates the Point from Croton Neck, and a plaque marks the spot where a peace treaty was signed with the Kitchawank tribe.
xxx
puritans wanted to purify the church of england, rid of catholics;
separatists wanted churches to decide for themselves; Roger Williams; new church; exiled him; lived with natives, didn't baptize any of them;
both were Calvinists; protestants;
xxx
Baptists is 2nd largest religion in US;
Roman Catholics is 1st;
xxx
Connecticut heard 43 witchcraft cases between 1648 and 1668, with 16 ending in execution.
Mary Johnson of Wethersfield, Connecticut was the first recorded confession of witchcraft in the colonies. In 1648 Mary worked as a house servant and had been convicted two years earlier on two separate occasions of thievery (first in Hartford and then in Wethersfield) and whipped. In her case there was no trial or even a documented accusation. She confessed under pressure from Reverend Samuel Stone (and after extended whipping). Mary confessed that she was guilty of witchcraft (or, as it was called, “familiarity with the Devil”) and described her crimes including using the Devil to help her with her household chores.
the record says of Johnson, "And she died in a frame extremely to the satisfaction of them that were spectators of it," which sounds pretty final and most likely unpleasant. Mather also reports that "upon the indictment of 'familiarity with the devil,'" which came on December 7, 1648, Johnson "was found guilty thereof, chiefly upon her own confession," including having murdered a child and other evil acts. Based on the methods of interrogation of the time, it seems as though she was probably "coerced" into her admissions (red-hot irons, scalding water, etc.). It also appears that Johnson was first arrested for stealing and whipped for that crime before her witchcraft trial. The record also states that she gave birth to a son while in jail awaiting her execution, and that the son was "bound out" (or indentured, as a servant or an apprentice) until he was 21 years old to a Nathaniel Rescew, who was paid 15 pounds to take care of and educate the boy. For a while, it was believed that Mary Johnson had been the first to be executed in New England for witchcraft, but subsequent evidence seems to point to Alse (Alice) Young.
xxx
1633; British at Windsor; 1634 British at Wethersfield; 1633-1634 Dutch Fort of Good Hope at Hartford, CN;
dutch west indies CEO Jacques Elekens killed tatobem; 1634
after tatobem was killed, dutch killed more pequot; war w dutch; winthrop's notes agree;
after tatobem was killed, pequot burned down Fort Good Hope & the houses around it.
new england puritans, outlawed christmas; burned witchs; 40% died first winter of 1620;
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
xxx
1st official declared thxgvn; christian holidays; christian exclamations; Pilgrims 1620; Carver & Bradford, etc;
1605 a racist British imperialist invaders expedition led by Captain George Weymouth had landed on this particular coastline. When they left in 1614 they took 24 Natives as slaves and left smallpox, syphilis, and gonorrhea in their wake. One of the Natives taken back to Europe was named Tisquantum (called Squanto by the white man).
xxx
national Thanksgiving proclamations did not become an annual tradition until Abraham Lincoln's Proclamation of 1863. On April 13, 1862, Lincoln declared a Thanksgiving day for the Union victory at Shiloh.
Lincoln declared another national Thanksgiving for August 6, 1863, for the Union victories at Gettysburg (7,058 died over 3 days) and Vicksburg.
On October 3, 1863, Lincoln declared a second Thanksgiving for that year to be on the last Thursday in November, this time not just for a specific event, but for God's goodness and blessings in general.
Since 1863, Presidential Thanksgiving proclamations have been an annual tradition.
On October 20, 1864, Lincoln again set the final Thursday in November as a national Thanksgiving Day.
Andrew Johnson followed with a Thanksgiving on December 7, 1865 (celebrating the Union victory). Since then each President has issued annual proclamations of national Thanksgiving.
Most were for the last Thursday in November until 1939, when Franklin Roosevelt moved Thanksgiving one week earlier to allow for a longer Christmas retail season. Public uproar against this decision caused him to move it back in 1941.
On November 26, 1941, Roosevelt signed a bill that established the fourth Thursday in November as the national legal holiday of Thanksgiving.
xxx
Sarah Josepha Hale, a magazine editor, had been writing editorials and letters to governors and presidents campaigning for an annual national day of Thanksgiving for many years (different sources say 20 to 40) when Lincoln made his proclamations.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN & SARAH HALE
1863, when President Lincoln proclaimed it,
the same year he had 38 Sioux hung on Christmas Eve.
The Sand Creek massacre (also known as the Chivington massacre, the Battle of Sand Creek or the massacre of Cheyenne Indians) was a massacre in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 675-man force of Colorado U.S. Volunteer Cavalry attacked and destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho in southeastern Colorado Territory,[4] killing and mutilating an estimated 70–163 Native Americans, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.
xxx
Saybrook Fort. Mason and the remaining racist British imperialist invaders and most of their Native allies stayed the night on the western shore of the river. The next morning, the force marched 20 miles to the Connecticut River. They arrived in the early evening, stayed the night, and were transported across the river to Saybrook Fort in the morning. Along the way, the force burned several wigwams and captured 10 warriors and eight women. Six of the warriors were executed “the other four given to as many sachems, one to each” (Trumbull 1765: 25). Four of the women remained at the fort and the other four transported up river to the Connecticut river towns. A dispute arose among the racist British imperialist invaders and Native allies regarding the disposition of the women which the racist British imperialist invaders resolved by executing them (Trumbull 1765: 25).
xxx
following the destruction of Mistick Fort the remaining Pequot villages (estimated at 18-20 communities and 3,500 people) abandoned their territory for fear of additional attacks by the racist British imperialist invaders. Many Pequot sought refuge among the Narragansett, Montauk and other Native tribes in the region fleeing the racist British imperialist invaders. Sassacus and Mononnotto, the remaining chief sachems, elected to continue the fight against the racist British imperialist invaders and Narragansett. Sassacus reportedly burned Weinshauks before he abandoned Pequot territory to seek allies and support to continue the fight against the racist British imperialist invaders and Narragansett. Sassacus, with five or six sachems and perhaps two hundred men, women, and children, made their way west along the Connecticut coast intending to seek refuge and support from their allies and tributaries at Quinnipiac (New Haven) and Sasqua (Fairfield).
xxx
Mohegan Sun is one of the largest casinos in the United States, with 364,000 square feet (33,800 square meters) of gambling space.[1][2] It is located on 240 acres (97 ha) along the banks of the Thames River in Uncasville, Connecticut.
xxx
The Fairfield Swamp Fight occurred July 13–14, 1637 in what is present-day Fairfield, Connecticut. The town of Fairfield was founded after the battle in 1639.
Captain John Mason, the man responsible for the massacre at Mystic, and Roger Ludlow, a statesman from Wethersfield.
racist British imperialist invaders (and their Narragansett and Mohegan allies) drove the Pequot from their homes in the wake of the Mystic massacre in May 1637. Fleeing westward along the Connecticut coastline, the Pequot arrived in Sasqua Village, present-day Fairfield, where they sought refuge with the Sasquas Indians, a tribe of some 200 members.[1]
The Hartford General Court dispatched Captain Israel Stoughton and his troops numbering some 120 soldiers to southern Connecticut, with the goal of ending the Pequot War and the capture of Sassacus, the Pequot chief sachem. As they moved westward, the racist British imperialist invaders encountered stragglers from the band of Pequots and obtained intelligence about the whereabouts of Sassacus and his fellow tribesmen.[2] As the racist British imperialist invaders forces approached Sasqua Village, several Pequot on a hill just beyond the racist British imperialist invaders revealed their position
John Winthrop was quoted saying, "[the Pequot] coming up behind the bushes very near our men... shot many arrows into their hats, sleeves and stocks, yet (which was a very miracle) not one of ours was wounded."[3] Mason's account supported this, saying that "several were found slain,"
Most, if not all, of the Pequot warriors were killed during the engagement.[1] The 180 Pequot non-combatants were taken captive and dispersed among the racist British imperialist invaders and their allies
Sassacus and his warriors were able to exploit a weak point in Patrick’s perimeter. The Pequot at this point attempted to break the racist British imperialist invaders perimeter on the offensive. This ability to break through the racist British imperialist invaders perimeter led to Sassacus’ escape to the Mohawk territories of New York.
xxxxx
Block Island’s history 121 years ago, November 23, 1886, Block Island’s last Manissean Indian, Isaac Church, died at the age of 100 years, nine months and nine days.
The Manisses were part of the Narragansett tribe, whose members thrived on the west side of Narragansett Bay.
xxx
BLOCK ISLAND; Dense forests of maple, birch and oak covered the Island. Otters swam in the ponds, herds of deer skirted across the tops of the bluffs, and perhaps black bear crashed through the chest-high alder.
Around 500 B.C., a community of Native Americans dug into the soft soil of the Great Salt Pond's northern edge and set the poles of their wigwams
xxx
spring of 1989, McBride and crew uncovered
an Indian settlement at the Great Salt Pond that dates back 2,500 years, long before the Manisses' fated encounter with racist British imperialist invaders colonists, and much earlier than archaeologists had theorized. It was previously believed that the first settlement was in 1000 A.D. The new finds may designate the Block Island site as the oldest yet uncovered in New England.At the Great Salt Pond dig, the archaeologists found the precious dumpsites, or middens, of the Indians. The discovery of seasonally different foodstuffs found together — like
raspberry seeds and winter seals that date back to 500 B.C. — has revolutionized thinking about the Island's earliest inhabitants.
First year 'rounders
year-round population [in the pre-Christian era]
population was around 600 [in the winter].
As the dirt is carefully brushed off the
clay pot shards and bone fragments, a portrait of early island life emerges. Today, as
winter comes hurling along in 60-mph gusts, it gives one pause to consider what life here would have been like in
500 B.C.
"These Indians lived mostly off marine resources," said McBride. "And they seem to have been advanced enough
fishermen to hunt open-ocean animals," he said, referring to the bones of harbor and gray
seals, sharks, sea turtles, striped bass, bluefish, cod and sturgeon that were found. Also [bones of ]a fair amount of
geese, ducks, eagles and crows were found. Less prominent are the remains of terrestrial animals. Some
deer, black bear, and otter have been uncovered but they seem to make up
less than 10 percent of the diet. Of course most plentiful are the huge midden heaps of discarded shells —
quahogs, oysters, scallops — that were a staple food source.
Sealskin coats
Seal was a major resource, comparable to deer on the mainland, and may have served as a
source of clothing as well as food; wrapped themselves in sealskin robes and wore sealskin leggings. The discovery of
needles indicates that they may have done some sewing and therefore had tunics to wear. And always an effective cure against the cold was to smear their bodies in grease. Their mainland relatives were described by early explorers such as
Verrazano as a handsome, long-limbed people, who as a rule, wore their hair long. Various hairdos, braids and coils helped distinguish age groups and marital status.
Where now the sound of bell buoys is heard, and cars rumble by on Corn Neck Road, dark plumes of smoke from the natives' cooking fires once smudged the sky before December winds scattered them. By this time of year the women of the tribe would have winterized the wigwams, by replacing the woven mats used to cover the frames in warm weather with coils of wrapped bark. They may have hung mats on the inside for further insulation.
Basic wigwams
The wigwam was the basic structure of most of the New England tribes. It was constructed by setting sapling poles at two foot intervals in the ground in a ring, bending their tips inward and fastening them together. A hole was left in the center of the roof so that smoke could escape. They could be up to 30 feet in diameter, and house 10 or more people. An extended family unit probably inhabited each wigwam, which with a fire and a lot of sleeping bodies was very warm.
winter approached, the sea would soon become too mean to navigate in the dugout canoes men used for fishing. But the waning days of autumn still found them returning at dusk, pushing their canoes with a shush onto the gravely shore of the Great Salt Pond, their nets tangled with cold water fish such as striped bass and cod.
These fish would be smoked and put in storage bins dug into the ground inside the wigwams. For fishing, the men used nets with stone sinkers tied along one edge. They also used spears tipped with sharpened quartzite. The limited land hunting they did was probably done with nets, snares, and bolas; in 500 B.C. the bow had yet to be invented in North America.
The women were responsible for child care and collecting the hickory nuts, squash, seeds and grains that would serve as the winter reserves of food. They prepared them in mortar pestles and on pounding stones, some of the tools that have been found on Block Island.
Although some inland hunting parties would go out for fresh meat, and the taking of seals certainly indicates winter fishing activities, the cold months were primarily a time of maintenance, said McBride. New quartzite cutting tools must be chipped away. Nets must be mended and spears built. The women will weave mats to cover the wigwams and to sleep on. They will also construct the "delightful baskets" that Underhill wrote of, to carry food and belongings when they move to cooler campsites in the summer.
It is possible the native American artifacts unearthed here may be some of the oldest in New England.
A display of Indian artifacts and archeological methods was presented in the early 1990s at the Block Island Historical Society. The exhibit featured the work of archeologist Kevin McBride. A portion of that material is still on display. Since the flurry of archeological activity from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s, there have been no scientific excavations on Block Island.
xxx
John Winthrop, Jr., son of the Massachusetts governor, to build a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut in order to forestall the Dutch who already had a trad-
ing post near what is now Hartford. Winthrop had the fort built by Capt. Lion Gardiner, a military engineer, who in November 1635 thus founded Saybrook.
Pequot Territory; The territory between the Thames and the Pawcatuck Rivers was headquarters of the Pequot Indians, a proud warlike tribe of the Iroquois race which 50 years before had crossed from New York State conquering the peaceful Connecticut Indians from whom they extorted tribute in the form of wampum, the beads made from
clam shells which the aborigines used as money. From 1630-33, the Pequots clashed with their neighbors in Rhode Island, the equally haughty and courageous Narragansetts, who later became firm friends of Roger Williams, and extended their eastern boundary to ten miles beyond the Pawcatuck River. The aftereffects of
all these Indian wars were to plague the racist British imperialist invaders settlers for years.
Help was asked of Massachusetts and since there was delay, the General Court, or Assembly, of the three Connecticut River towns, raised an "army" of 90 men under Major John Mason, which sailed down the river and raised the Indian siege of the Saybrook fort.
Major John Mason's Expedition; They sailed by the Thames amid the derisive shouts of the Pequots who challenged them to come ashore and fight. Mason shrewdly landed in the Narragansett country and tried to persuade Canonicus and Ninigret, their chiefs, to join with a band of Mohicans under Uncas, a Pequot who because he had been deposed of his position had become an ally of the racist British imperialist invaders. They agreed, but marching back overland, when the little army crossed the Pawcatuck at the ford (Westerly) most of the Narragansetts deserted, though Uncas and his warriors.
The "army" followed the Pequot Trail to the head of the Mystic River and camped on the west bank at Porter's Rocks just below Old Mystic.
the second Pequot stronghold on the top of Fort Hill overlooking the Thames Valley was destroyed too;
1644, John Winthrop, Jr., who had become familiar with the Pequot country on his visits to Saybrook, obtained a grant of Fisher's Island from Massachusetts and the right to make a settlement at Pequot (New London) . A plantation was started, and May 6, 1646, the town officially organized under Massachusetts. It was soon transferred to Connecticut by the Commissioners of the United Colonies (two delegates each from Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven).
xxx
Mason's Island (Algonquin: Chippachaug - meaning: a separated place); an inhabited island at the mouth of the Mystic River, in Stonington, Connecticut. The island was named after Major John Mason who was granted the island in recognition for his military services in the 1637 Pequot War in nearby Mystic.[1] This island remained in the Mason family for over 250 years from 1651 to 1913. Since then the Allyn family have been stewards of this special place and most of the island is owned by the Mason's Island Company and regulated by property deeds under the Mason's Island Property Owners Association (MIPOA). The Mason's Island Marina and the Mystic River Marina are located on the north end of the island. Mason's Island is connected to the mainland by a causeway.
17 colonial cemeteries have been discovered. Four of those have been Native American including one found near Long Pond in Ledyard that dates to 1770 and is just a few miles from the Foxwoods Resort Casino owned by the Mashantucket Pequots. The tribe ended up buying that site.
The Masons Island lot is sandwiched between two other homes and about 100 yards from the Mystic River. The Pequots were known to have lived near the water where they fished. The cemetery is also on land owned at the time by Capt. John Mason, who in 1637 led a racist British imperialist invaders and Indian force that killed a large number of Pequot men, women and children when it attacked and burned their fort about three miles away.
The first European colonists established a trading house in the Pawcatuck section of town in 1649. The present territory of Stonington was part of lands that had belonged to the Pequot people, who referred to the areas making up Stonington as Pawcatuck (Stony Brook to the Pawcatuck River) and Mistack (Mystic River to Stony Brook). It was named "Souther Towne" or Southerton by Massachusetts in 1658,
xxx
1647, Major John Mason assumed command of Saybrook Fort, which controlled the main trade and supply route to the upper river valley. The fort mysteriously burned to the ground, but another improved fort was quickly built nearby. He spent the next twelve years there and served as Commissioner of the United Colonies, its chief military officer, Magistrate, and peacekeeper. He was continually called upon to fairly negotiate the purchase of Indian lands, write a treaty, or arbitrate some Indian quarrel, many of which were instigated by his friend Uncas.
xxx
1647; first fort constructed on Saybrook Point between 1635 and 1636 and was occupied until it burned in the winter of 1647/1648. Following the fire, the fort and all the associated structure were in disrepair or entirely destroyed.
In 1649, the records of Massachusetts Bay commented that during its last few years, the Saybrook fort was “of no force against an enemy of considerable strength.”
xxx
90 Wampanoag/Pokanoket people in attendance, double the number of Pilgrims.
it was a Massasoit shakedown;
In the 1600s, the Pequot population was estimated to be 2,200 individuals.
now, there's ?
xxx
MAY 1; n 1637, the Connecticut General Court, in cooperation with Massachusetts, commissioned Capt. Mason to lead an expeditionary force to clean out the Pequots at their stronghold in Groton.
Forty-two men were enlisted at Hartford, thirty at Windsor and eighteen at Wethersfield.
The Mohegan sachem, Uncas, who had been driven to the Hartford area by the Pequots, and was eager to reclaim his lands, joined up with about sixty of his men. In their small flotilla, they sailed down the Connecticut to Saybrook. There they were joined by Capt. Underhill from Massachusetts with nineteen men.
Mason sent twenty of his men back up the river to protect the settlements. More Massachusetts men were expected, but they didn’t appear until about a m onth later at Groton, when the fighting was over.
xxx
1609; MANiSSES;
Robert Juet, an officer on the "Half Moon", provides an account in his journal of some of the lower Hudson Valley Native Americans. In his entries for September 4 and 5, 1609, he states: "This day the people of the country came aboord of us, seeming very glad of our comming, and brought greene tobacco, and gave us of it for knives and beads. They goe in deere skins loose, well dressed. They have yellow copper. They desire cloathes, and are very civill. They have great store of maize or Indian wheate whereof they make good bread. The country is full of great and tall oakes. This day [September 5, 1609] many of the people came aboord, some in mantles of feathers, and some in skinnes of divers sorts of good furres. Some women also came to us with hempe. They had red copper tabacco pipes and other things of copper they did wear about their neckes. At night they went on land againe, so wee rode very quite, but durst not trust them" (Juet 1959:28).
xxxxxx
UNDERHILL MASSACRES
Less than a year after Mystic, Underhill and his militia launched a surprise attack on
a Munsee village in what is now Westchester County, New York wiping out the entire village, killing over
five hundred Munsee Indians. For this, he was credited with ending what was later designated The First Munsee War. In two years of fighting, Underhill and his men had taken the lives of an estimated sixteen hundred Indians and destroyed most of the farmsteads on western Long Island.
xxx
David Pieterz De Vries recorded another description of the Wappinger who resided around Fort Amsterdam:
"The Indians about here are tolerably stout, have black hair with a long, lock which they let hang on one side of the head. Their hair is shorn on the top of the head like a cock's comb. Their clothing is a coat of beaver skins over the body, with the fur inside in winter and outside in summer; they have, also, sometimes a bear's hide, or a coat of the skins of wild cats, or hefspanen [probably raccoon], which is an animal most as hairy as a wild cat, and is also very good to eat. They also wear coats of turkey feathers, which they know how to put together. Their pride is to paint their faces strangely with red or black lead, so that they look like fiends. Some of the women are very well featured, having long countenances. Their hair hangs loose from their head; they are very foul and dirty; they sometimes paint their faces, and draw a black ring around their eyes."
As the Dutch began to settle in the area, they pressured the Connecticut Wappinger to sell their lands and seek refuge with other Algonquian-speaking tribes. The western bands, however, stood their ground amidst rising tensions.
During Kieft's War in 1643, the remaining Wappinger bands united against the Dutch, attacking settlements throughout New Netherland. Allied with their trading partners, the powerful Mohawk, the Dutch defeated the Wappinger by 1645. The Mohawk and Dutch killed more than 1500 Wappinger in the two years of the war. This was a devastating toll for the Wappinger, whose population in 1600 was estimated at 3,000.
The Wappinger faced the Dutch again in the 1655 Peach Tree War, a three-day engagement which left an estimated 100 settlers and 60 Wappinger dead, and strained relations further between the two groups.[13] After the war, the confederation broke apart, and many of the surviving Wappinger left their native lands for the protection of neighboring tribes.
In 1765, the remaining Wappinger in Dutchess County sued the Philipse family for control of the land but lost. In the aftermath the Philipses raised rents on European-American tenant farmers, sparking riots across the region.
xxx
Dutch launched a number of forays against the Indians in 1643 and 1644 from Tomac Cove in Old Greenwich, Connecticut,
Governor Kieft's notion of what to do, however, did not meet the expectations of his subjects. While some Dutch farmers, traders and soldiers had killed small numbers of Indians and the Indians avenged themselves with small-scale though shocking murders in return, few settlers of West India Company soldiers felt comfortable with the idea of a large-scale Indian slaughter as a solution to their problems. To discourage this idea, the Council of Eight Men tried to make Kieft personally lead any expeditionary force against large Indian massings, such that he would fully assume responsibility for such offensive ideas. Kieft begged John Winthrop, for troops, offering 25,000 guilders and Fort Amsterdam itself as collateral, but the governor of MA Bay Colony "wholly declined, doubting the wisdom of his cause."
Kieft found the man for the job in John Underhill, an experienced man in such matters. Receiving information of a large gathering of Munsee people to celebrate the new moon of February:
On arriving, the enemy was found on alert and on their guard, so that our people determined to charge and surround the huts, sword in hand. The Indians behaved like soldiers, deployed in small bands, so we had in a short time one dead and twelve wounded. They were likewise so hard pressed that it was impossible for one to escape. Ina brief period of time, one hundred and eighty were counted dead outside their houses. Presently none durst come forth, keeping themselves within the houses, discharging arrows through the holes.
The fight ended, several fires were built in consequence of the great cold. The wounded, fifteen in number were dressed and sentinels were posted by the General. The troops bivouacked there for the remainder of the night. On the next day, the party set out much refreshed in good order, so as to arrive at Stamford in the evening. They marched with great courage over that wearisome mountain, God affording extraordinary strength to the wounded, some of whom were badly hurt and came in the afternoon to Stamford after a march of two days and one night, with little rest.
xxxx
Butcher Underhill; Underhill; soldier in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Province of New Hampshire, where he also served as governor; the New Haven Colony, New Netherland, and later the Province of New York, settling on Long Island. Hired to train militia in New England;
Early in 1636, John Underhill was sent to Salem to arrest Roger Williams, considered a heretic by the Puritans. But, Roger Williams had already fled to Rhode Island.
In August 1636 Underhill led an expedition to Block Island. Underhill was removed from office and disfranchised in 1637, banished along with Anne Hutchinson in 1638, and excommunicated in 1640;
April 1644, seven savages were arrested at Hempstead on Long Island for killing two or three pigs, although later found that some racist British imperialist invadersmen had done it. Kieft sent John Underhill and fifteen or sixteen soldiers to Hempstead, who killed three of the seven in a cellar. He then put the four remaining Indians in a boat, two of whom were towed behind in the water by a string round their necks. The soldiers drowned these two men and the two unfortunate survivors were detained as prisoners at Fort Amsterdam where they were brutally tortured. A critic of the events, perhaps David DeVries, wrote of Kieft's brutality in the most inflammatory manner possible to drive home his point that Kieft must be recalled:
When (the Indian prisoners) had been kept a long time in the corps de garde, the Director became tired of giving them food any longer and they were delivered to the soldiers to do with as they pleased. The poor unfortunate prisoners were immediately dragged out of
The poor unfortunate prisoners were immediately dragged out of the guard house and soon dispatched with knives of from 18 to20 inches long which Director Kieft had made for his soldiers for such purposes, saying that swords were for use in the huts of the savages, when they went to surprise them; but that these knives were much handier for bowelling them.
The first of these savages having received a frightful wound, desired them to permit him to dance what is called the Kinte Kayce, a religious use observed among them before death; he received however so many wounds that he dropped down dead. The soldiers then cut strips from the other's body, beginning at the calves, up the back, over the shoulders and down to the knees. While this was going on, Governor Kieft, with his comrade Jan de la Montaigne, a Frenchman, (and Fort physician) stood laughing heartily at the fun and rubbing his right arm, so much delight the took in such scenes. He then ordered hit to be taken out of the fort, and the soldiers bringing him to the Beaver's Path, he dancing the Kinte Kayce the entire time, threw him down, cut off his genetales, thrust them in his mouth while still alive, and at last placing him on a mill stone cut off his head . . . What I tell you is true, for by the same token there stood at the same time 24 0r 25 female savages who had been taken prisoner at the N.. point of the fort; and when they saw this bloody spectacle they held up their arms, struck their mouth, and, in their language exclaimed: "For shame! For shame! Such unheard of cruelty was never known, or even thought among us!" The savages have often called out to us from a distance: "what scoundrels you Swanneken are, you do not war upon us, but upon our wives and children who you treacherously murder; whereas we do no harm either to your wives or your children, but feed
xx
Feb 1644; Munsee; After most warriors had been killed, Underhill and his men torched the Munsee wigwams, burning all inside. In the most devastating assault, on a congregation of Munsee communities in contemporary Stamford, Connecticut, in February 1644, Underhill and his men reportedly massacred more than 500 Munsees
The Confederate Congress declared a Thanksgiving service for July 28, 1861 for their victory at Bull Run, and another for September 18, 1862, for the Second Battle at Bull Run;;
But
Owanux! Owanux!
Hackensack; Hackensack spoke the Unami dialect, one of the three major parts of the Lenape languages, which were part of the Algonquian language family. Unami meant the "people down river",[1] and they identified themselves with the totem of the turtle ("Turtle Clan").
New Amsterdam (at the tip of Manhattan) lived nearby, the Hackensack had early and frequent contact with the New Netherlanders. They traded beaver, pelts,
sewant,
manufactured goods, including firearms, gunpowder and alcohol.
notable Hackensack; Oratam (or Oritani) was sagamore, or sachem, of the Hackensack Indians living in northeastern New Jersey during the period of early European colonization in the 17th century. he lived an unusually long life (almost 90 years) and was influential.
The Hackensacks were a sub-group of the Unami, or Turtle Clan, of the Lenni-Lenape, numbering close to a thousand
Hackensack numbered about
one thousand,[6] of whom 300 were warriors.[5] Their sachem (or high chief) was Oratam OR Oritani [7] (born circa 1576[8]). He was likely also the sagamore of the Tappan, a distinct but intimately related Lenape group. The Tappan and the Hackensack were one tribe; Lenape & Shawnee; Mohegan & Pequot too;
The society of the Unami was based on governance by consensus, or unanimous agreement, which its leaders were obliged to follow or to abdicate;;;
February 1643, the governor of New Netherland William Kieft allowed the massacre of eighty Wecquaesgeek and Tappan who had taken refuge near one of the plantations at Harsimus in Pavonia.
The Hackensacks, Tappans, and Montauks made common cause with the Wappinger, and retaliated by attacking "bouweries" (home farms) and plantations (outlying fields).
By April, though, Oratam, representing the Tappans, Reckgawanacs (Manhattans), Kicktawancs, and Sintsinck, concluded a treaty with the New Netherlanders.
xxx
Tankiteke;
Kitchawank
Wappinger
Manhattan,
Rockaway;
Tankiteke;
Nochpeem;
Siwanoy;
Mattabesec.
Hackensack, Kitchawank, Merrick natives, Siwanoy, Wappinger, Manhattan, Canarsee, Rockaway;
Haverstraw, Munsee, Navasink, Raritan and Tappan bands from New Jersey;
the Wecquaesgeek, Sintsink, Nochpeem,
Siwanoy, Tankiteke, and Wappinger from east of the Hudson;
the Canarsee, Manhattan, Rockaway, Matinecock, Massapequa (Marsapeque), Secatoag, and Merrick Indians on Long Island.
Wappinger proper; Manhattan; Wecquaesgeek; Sintsink; Kitchawank;
Tankiteke; Nochpeem; Siwanoy; Mattabesec.
Unami speakers in the area included: the Raritan on Staten Island/Raritan Bay, the Acquackanonk on the Passaic River, and the Tappan along the Palisades and Pascack Valley and the Pompton people, along the Passaic River and Saddle River and tributaries,
These groups, along with the Wappinger in the Hudson Valley, and Canarsee and Rockaway on Long Island, were sometimes collectively called the River Indians.
Raritan were bands of the Lenape people living around the Raritan River and its bay, in what is now northeastern New Jersey and Staten Island, New York.
The Raritan had early contact with settlers in the colony of New Netherland. William Kieft, governor of New Netherland, planned an extermination campaign against them, on the pretext of pigs being stolen from a farm on present-day Staten Island
Wampage I, aka Anhõõke, was the Sachem of the Siwanoy Native Americans of Westchester County, New York. He took part in Kieft's War, fighting against the colony of New Netherland.The Siwanoys under the leadership of Wampage massacred the family of Anne Hutchinson (1591–1643). It has been written that Wampage himself was the murderer of Hutchinson and that he adopted the name of Anhõõke (Anne Hoek) due to a Native American tradition of taking the name of a notable person personally killed. On June 27, 1654, 50,000 acres (200 km²) of land were granted to Thomas Pell, reaching from the Bronx west along Long Island Sound to the Hutchinson River. Wampage and other Siwanoys signed a treaty under the Treaty Oak near Bartow Pell Mansion in Pelham. The other Siwanoys who signed the treaty were Shawanórõckquot, Poquõrúm, Wawhamkus, and Mehúmõw. Cockho, Kamaque, and Cockinsecawa also signed as "Indyan Witnesses" to the "Articles of Agreement" section of the Treaty.Sources indicate that Wampage's granddaughter Ann (or Anna) married Thomas Pell II, who was the third lord of Pelham Manor.
John Winthrop wrote, "She brought forth not one, but thirty monstrous births or thereabouts", then continued, "see how the wisdom of God fitted this judgment to her sin every way, for look—as she had vented misshapen opinions, so she must bring forth deformed monsters."
The Reverend Thomas Weld wrote, "The Lord heard our groans to heaven, and freed us from our great and sore affliction…. I never heard that the Indians in those parts did ever before this commit the like outrage upon any one family or families; and therefore God's hand is the more apparently seen herein, to pick out this woeful woman". Peter Bulkley, the pastor at Concord, wrote, "Let her damned heresies, and the just vengeance of God, by which she perished, terrify all her seduced followers from having any more to do with her leaven."
xxx
The Siwanoy warriors stampeded into the tiny settlement above Pelham Bay, prepared to burn down every house. The Siwanoy chief, Wampage, who had sent a warning, expected to find no settlers present. But at one house the men in animal skins encountered several children, young men and women, and a woman past middle age. One Siwanoy indicated that the Hutchinsons should restrain the family's dogs. Without apparent fear, one of the family tied up the dogs. As quickly as possible, the Siwanoy seized and scalped Francis Hutchinson, William Collins, several servants, the two Annes (mother and daughter), and the younger children—William, Katherine, Mary, and Zuriel. As the story was later recounted in Boston, one of the Hutchinson's daughters, "seeking to escape," was caught "as she was getting over a hedge, and they drew her back again by the hair of the head to the stump of a tree, and there cut off her head with a hatchet."
The warriors then dragged the bodies into the house, along with the cattle, and burned the house to the ground. During the attack, Hutchinson's nine year-old daughter Susanna was out picking blueberries; she was found, according to legend, hidden in the crevice of Split Rock nearby. She is believed to have had red hair, which was unusual to the Indians, and perhaps because of this curiosity her life was spared. She was taken captive, was named "Autumn Leaf" by one account, and lived with the Indians for two to six years (accounts vary) until ransomed back to her family members, most of whom were living in Boston.
xxx
soldiers taking the breasts off of dead Indian women's bodies and playing catch with them on bayonets. These are photos that show our US army stepping in little babies, frozen babies in the snow, and throwing them around.
xxx
less people in montana than in rhode island;
Providence Plantation was a colonial plantation that was the first permanent European American settlement in present-day Rhode Island. It was established at Providence in 1636 by English clergyman Roger Williams and a small band of followers who had left the oppressive atmosphere of the Massachusetts Bay Colony to seek freedom of worship. Narragansett sachems Canonicus and Miantonomi granted Williams a sizable tract of land for his new village.
"Providence Plantations" refers to the mainland portion of the state, which included Williams's Providence Plantation and Samuel Gorton’s Shawomet Purchase (1642), which was renamed Warwick Plantation. "Rhode Island" referred to Aquidneck Island, on which the settlements of Portsmouth (1638) and Newport (1639) were established.
In 1663, the four settlements merged to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Today, the state is officially named The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, although "and Providence Plantations" is little used.
he began the settlement of Providence Plantations in 1636 as a refuge offering freedom of conscience.
Williams was the 1638 founder of the First Baptist Church in America, also known as the First Baptist Church of Providence. He was also a student of Native American languages, an early advocate for fair dealings with American Indians, and one of the first abolitionists in North America, having organized the first attempt to prohibit slavery in any of the British American colonies. He is best remembered as the originator of the principle of separation of church and state.
Roger Williams (c. 21 December 1603 – between 27 January and 15 March 1683) was a Puritan, an English Reformed theologian, and later a Reformed Baptist who was expelled by the Puritan leaders from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because local officials thought that he was spreading "new and dangerous ideas" to his congregants. He fled the Massachusetts colony under the threat of impending arrest and shipment to an English prison; he began the settlement of Providence Plantations in 1636 as a refuge offering freedom of conscience.Williams was the 1638 founder of the First Baptist Church in America, also known as the First Baptist Church of Providence. He was also a student of Native American languages, an early advocate for fair dealings with American Indians, and one of the first abolitionists in North America, having organized the first attempt to prohibit slavery in any of the British American colonies. He is best remembered as the originator of the principle of separation of church and state
Almost immediately upon the Williams' arrival in Boston on 5 February 1631, the Boston church invited him to become its Teacher minister, to officiate while Rev. John Wilson returned to England to fetch his wife. However, Williams declined the position on grounds that it was "an unseparated church." In addition, Williams asserted that civil magistrates must not punish any sort of "breach of the first table [of the Ten Commandments]" (such as idolatry, Sabbath-breaking, false worship, and blasphemy), and that individuals should be free to follow their own convictions in religious matters. These three principles became central to Williams' subsequent career: separatism, freedom of religion, and separation of state and church.
After a time, Williams decided that the Plymouth church was not sufficiently separated from the Church of England. Furthermore, his contact with Native Americans had caused him to doubt the validity of the colonial charters. Governor Bradford later wrote that Williams fell "into some strange opinions which caused some controversy between the church and him."[13] In December 1632, Williams wrote a lengthy tract that openly condemned the King's charters and questioned the right of Plymouth (or Massachusetts) to the land without first buying it from the Indians. He even charged that King James had uttered a "solemn lie" in claiming that he was the first Christian monarch to have discovered the land. Williams moved back to Salem by the fall of 1633 and was welcomed by Rev. Samuel Skelton as an unofficial assistant.
"When they have opened a gap in the hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world, God hath ever broke down the wall itself, removed the candlestick, and made His garden a wilderness, as at this day."
xxx
oldest oyster shell middens on the North Atlantic Coast uncovered by archeologists on Croton Point confirm that the peninsula was inhabited by Native Americans as early as 7,000 years ago. Croton is, in fact, named for the Indian sachem, Kenoten, which means "wild wind.” In the 17th century, Indians of the Kitchawank tribe on the Wappinger Confederacy occupied a large fortified village on the high flat at the neck of Croton Point, which they called Navish. This was one of the most ancient and formidable Indian fortresses south of the Hudson Highlands. A marsh known by the Indians as “Senasqua” separates the Point from Croton Neck, and a plaque marks the spot where a peace treaty was signed with the Kitchawank tribe.
xxx
puritans wanted to purify the church of england, rid of catholics;
separatists wanted churches to decide for themselves; Roger Williams; new church; exiled him; lived with natives, didn't baptize any of them;
both were Calvinists; protestants;
xxx
Baptists is 2nd largest religion in US;
Roman Catholics is 1st;
xxx
Connecticut heard 43 witchcraft cases between 1648 and 1668, with 16 ending in execution.
Mary Johnson of Wethersfield, Connecticut was the first recorded confession of witchcraft in the colonies. In 1648 Mary worked as a house servant and had been convicted two years earlier on two separate occasions of thievery (first in Hartford and then in Wethersfield) and whipped. In her case there was no trial or even a documented accusation. She confessed under pressure from Reverend Samuel Stone (and after extended whipping). Mary confessed that she was guilty of witchcraft (or, as it was called, “familiarity with the Devil”) and described her crimes including using the Devil to help her with her household chores.
the record says of Johnson, "And she died in a frame extremely to the satisfaction of them that were spectators of it," which sounds pretty final and most likely unpleasant. Mather also reports that "upon the indictment of 'familiarity with the devil,'" which came on December 7, 1648, Johnson "was found guilty thereof, chiefly upon her own confession," including having murdered a child and other evil acts. Based on the methods of interrogation of the time, it seems as though she was probably "coerced" into her admissions (red-hot irons, scalding water, etc.). It also appears that Johnson was first arrested for stealing and whipped for that crime before her witchcraft trial. The record also states that she gave birth to a son while in jail awaiting her execution, and that the son was "bound out" (or indentured, as a servant or an apprentice) until he was 21 years old to a Nathaniel Rescew, who was paid 15 pounds to take care of and educate the boy. For a while, it was believed that Mary Johnson had been the first to be executed in New England for witchcraft, but subsequent evidence seems to point to Alse (Alice) Young.
xxx
1633; British at Windsor; 1634 British at Wethersfield; 1633-1634 Dutch Fort of Good Hope at Hartford, CN;
dutch west indies CEO Jacques Elekens killed tatobem; 1634
after tatobem was killed, dutch killed more pequot; war w dutch; winthrop's notes agree;
after tatobem was killed, pequot burned down Fort Good Hope & the houses around it.
new england puritans, outlawed christmas; burned witchs; 40% died first winter of 1620;
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
xxx
1st official declared thxgvn; christian holidays; christian exclamations; Pilgrims 1620; Carver & Bradford, etc;
1605 a racist British imperialist invaders expedition led by Captain George Weymouth had landed on this particular coastline. When they left in 1614 they took 24 Natives as slaves and left smallpox, syphilis, and gonorrhea in their wake. One of the Natives taken back to Europe was named Tisquantum (called Squanto by the white man).
xxx
national Thanksgiving proclamations did not become an annual tradition until Abraham Lincoln's Proclamation of 1863. On April 13, 1862, Lincoln declared a Thanksgiving day for the Union victory at Shiloh.
Lincoln declared another national Thanksgiving for August 6, 1863, for the Union victories at Gettysburg (7,058 died over 3 days) and Vicksburg.
On October 3, 1863, Lincoln declared a second Thanksgiving for that year to be on the last Thursday in November, this time not just for a specific event, but for God's goodness and blessings in general.
Since 1863, Presidential Thanksgiving proclamations have been an annual tradition.
On October 20, 1864, Lincoln again set the final Thursday in November as a national Thanksgiving Day.
Andrew Johnson followed with a Thanksgiving on December 7, 1865 (celebrating the Union victory). Since then each President has issued annual proclamations of national Thanksgiving.
Most were for the last Thursday in November until 1939, when Franklin Roosevelt moved Thanksgiving one week earlier to allow for a longer Christmas retail season. Public uproar against this decision caused him to move it back in 1941.
On November 26, 1941, Roosevelt signed a bill that established the fourth Thursday in November as the national legal holiday of Thanksgiving.
xxx
Sarah Josepha Hale, a magazine editor, had been writing editorials and letters to governors and presidents campaigning for an annual national day of Thanksgiving for many years (different sources say 20 to 40) when Lincoln made his proclamations.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN & SARAH HALE
1863, when President Lincoln proclaimed it,
the same year he had 38 Sioux hung on Christmas Eve.
The Sand Creek massacre (also known as the Chivington massacre, the Battle of Sand Creek or the massacre of Cheyenne Indians) was a massacre in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 675-man force of Colorado U.S. Volunteer Cavalry attacked and destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho in southeastern Colorado Territory,[4] killing and mutilating an estimated 70–163 Native Americans, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.
xxx
Saybrook Fort. Mason and the remaining racist British imperialist invaders and most of their Native allies stayed the night on the western shore of the river. The next morning, the force marched 20 miles to the Connecticut River. They arrived in the early evening, stayed the night, and were transported across the river to Saybrook Fort in the morning. Along the way, the force burned several wigwams and captured 10 warriors and eight women. Six of the warriors were executed “the other four given to as many sachems, one to each” (Trumbull 1765: 25). Four of the women remained at the fort and the other four transported up river to the Connecticut river towns. A dispute arose among the racist British imperialist invaders and Native allies regarding the disposition of the women which the racist British imperialist invaders resolved by executing them (Trumbull 1765: 25).
xxx
following the destruction of Mistick Fort the remaining Pequot villages (estimated at 18-20 communities and 3,500 people) abandoned their territory for fear of additional attacks by the racist British imperialist invaders. Many Pequot sought refuge among the Narragansett, Montauk and other Native tribes in the region fleeing the racist British imperialist invaders. Sassacus and Mononnotto, the remaining chief sachems, elected to continue the fight against the racist British imperialist invaders and Narragansett. Sassacus reportedly burned Weinshauks before he abandoned Pequot territory to seek allies and support to continue the fight against the racist British imperialist invaders and Narragansett. Sassacus, with five or six sachems and perhaps two hundred men, women, and children, made their way west along the Connecticut coast intending to seek refuge and support from their allies and tributaries at Quinnipiac (New Haven) and Sasqua (Fairfield).
xxx
Mohegan Sun is one of the largest casinos in the United States, with 364,000 square feet (33,800 square meters) of gambling space.[1][2] It is located on 240 acres (97 ha) along the banks of the Thames River in Uncasville, Connecticut.
xxx
The Fairfield Swamp Fight occurred July 13–14, 1637 in what is present-day Fairfield, Connecticut. The town of Fairfield was founded after the battle in 1639.
Captain John Mason, the man responsible for the massacre at Mystic, and Roger Ludlow, a statesman from Wethersfield.
racist British imperialist invaders (and their Narragansett and Mohegan allies) drove the Pequot from their homes in the wake of the Mystic massacre in May 1637. Fleeing westward along the Connecticut coastline, the Pequot arrived in Sasqua Village, present-day Fairfield, where they sought refuge with the Sasquas Indians, a tribe of some 200 members.[1]
The Hartford General Court dispatched Captain Israel Stoughton and his troops numbering some 120 soldiers to southern Connecticut, with the goal of ending the Pequot War and the capture of Sassacus, the Pequot chief sachem. As they moved westward, the racist British imperialist invaders encountered stragglers from the band of Pequots and obtained intelligence about the whereabouts of Sassacus and his fellow tribesmen.[2] As the racist British imperialist invaders forces approached Sasqua Village, several Pequot on a hill just beyond the racist British imperialist invaders revealed their position
John Winthrop was quoted saying, "[the Pequot] coming up behind the bushes very near our men... shot many arrows into their hats, sleeves and stocks, yet (which was a very miracle) not one of ours was wounded."[3] Mason's account supported this, saying that "several were found slain,"
Most, if not all, of the Pequot warriors were killed during the engagement.[1] The 180 Pequot non-combatants were taken captive and dispersed among the racist British imperialist invaders and their allies
Sassacus and his warriors were able to exploit a weak point in Patrick’s perimeter. The Pequot at this point attempted to break the racist British imperialist invaders perimeter on the offensive. This ability to break through the racist British imperialist invaders perimeter led to Sassacus’ escape to the Mohawk territories of New York.
xxxxx
Block Island’s history 121 years ago, November 23, 1886, Block Island’s last Manissean Indian, Isaac Church, died at the age of 100 years, nine months and nine days.
The Manisses were part of the Narragansett tribe, whose members thrived on the west side of Narragansett Bay.
xxx
BLOCK ISLAND; Dense forests of maple, birch and oak covered the Island. Otters swam in the ponds, herds of deer skirted across the tops of the bluffs, and perhaps black bear crashed through the chest-high alder.
Around 500 B.C., a community of Native Americans dug into the soft soil of the Great Salt Pond's northern edge and set the poles of their wigwams
xxx
spring of 1989, McBride and crew uncovered
an Indian settlement at the Great Salt Pond that dates back 2,500 years, long before the Manisses' fated encounter with racist British imperialist invaders colonists, and much earlier than archaeologists had theorized. It was previously believed that the first settlement was in 1000 A.D. The new finds may designate the Block Island site as the oldest yet uncovered in New England.At the Great Salt Pond dig, the archaeologists found the precious dumpsites, or middens, of the Indians. The discovery of seasonally different foodstuffs found together — like
raspberry seeds and winter seals that date back to 500 B.C. — has revolutionized thinking about the Island's earliest inhabitants.
First year 'rounders
year-round population [in the pre-Christian era]
population was around 600 [in the winter].
As the dirt is carefully brushed off the
clay pot shards and bone fragments, a portrait of early island life emerges. Today, as
winter comes hurling along in 60-mph gusts, it gives one pause to consider what life here would have been like in
500 B.C.
"These Indians lived mostly off marine resources," said McBride. "And they seem to have been advanced enough
fishermen to hunt open-ocean animals," he said, referring to the bones of harbor and gray
seals, sharks, sea turtles, striped bass, bluefish, cod and sturgeon that were found. Also [bones of ]a fair amount of
geese, ducks, eagles and crows were found. Less prominent are the remains of terrestrial animals. Some
deer, black bear, and otter have been uncovered but they seem to make up
less than 10 percent of the diet. Of course most plentiful are the huge midden heaps of discarded shells —
quahogs, oysters, scallops — that were a staple food source.
Sealskin coats
Seal was a major resource, comparable to deer on the mainland, and may have served as a
source of clothing as well as food; wrapped themselves in sealskin robes and wore sealskin leggings. The discovery of
needles indicates that they may have done some sewing and therefore had tunics to wear. And always an effective cure against the cold was to smear their bodies in grease. Their mainland relatives were described by early explorers such as
Verrazano as a handsome, long-limbed people, who as a rule, wore their hair long. Various hairdos, braids and coils helped distinguish age groups and marital status.
Where now the sound of bell buoys is heard, and cars rumble by on Corn Neck Road, dark plumes of smoke from the natives' cooking fires once smudged the sky before December winds scattered them. By this time of year the women of the tribe would have winterized the wigwams, by replacing the woven mats used to cover the frames in warm weather with coils of wrapped bark. They may have hung mats on the inside for further insulation.
Basic wigwams
The wigwam was the basic structure of most of the New England tribes. It was constructed by setting sapling poles at two foot intervals in the ground in a ring, bending their tips inward and fastening them together. A hole was left in the center of the roof so that smoke could escape. They could be up to 30 feet in diameter, and house 10 or more people. An extended family unit probably inhabited each wigwam, which with a fire and a lot of sleeping bodies was very warm.
winter approached, the sea would soon become too mean to navigate in the dugout canoes men used for fishing. But the waning days of autumn still found them returning at dusk, pushing their canoes with a shush onto the gravely shore of the Great Salt Pond, their nets tangled with cold water fish such as striped bass and cod.
These fish would be smoked and put in storage bins dug into the ground inside the wigwams. For fishing, the men used nets with stone sinkers tied along one edge. They also used spears tipped with sharpened quartzite. The limited land hunting they did was probably done with nets, snares, and bolas; in 500 B.C. the bow had yet to be invented in North America.
The women were responsible for child care and collecting the hickory nuts, squash, seeds and grains that would serve as the winter reserves of food. They prepared them in mortar pestles and on pounding stones, some of the tools that have been found on Block Island.
Although some inland hunting parties would go out for fresh meat, and the taking of seals certainly indicates winter fishing activities, the cold months were primarily a time of maintenance, said McBride. New quartzite cutting tools must be chipped away. Nets must be mended and spears built. The women will weave mats to cover the wigwams and to sleep on. They will also construct the "delightful baskets" that Underhill wrote of, to carry food and belongings when they move to cooler campsites in the summer.
It is possible the native American artifacts unearthed here may be some of the oldest in New England.
A display of Indian artifacts and archeological methods was presented in the early 1990s at the Block Island Historical Society. The exhibit featured the work of archeologist Kevin McBride. A portion of that material is still on display. Since the flurry of archeological activity from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s, there have been no scientific excavations on Block Island.
xxx
John Winthrop, Jr., son of the Massachusetts governor, to build a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut in order to forestall the Dutch who already had a trad-
ing post near what is now Hartford. Winthrop had the fort built by Capt. Lion Gardiner, a military engineer, who in November 1635 thus founded Saybrook.
Pequot Territory; The territory between the Thames and the Pawcatuck Rivers was headquarters of the Pequot Indians, a proud warlike tribe of the Iroquois race which 50 years before had crossed from New York State conquering the peaceful Connecticut Indians from whom they extorted tribute in the form of wampum, the beads made from
clam shells which the aborigines used as money. From 1630-33, the Pequots clashed with their neighbors in Rhode Island, the equally haughty and courageous Narragansetts, who later became firm friends of Roger Williams, and extended their eastern boundary to ten miles beyond the Pawcatuck River. The aftereffects of
all these Indian wars were to plague the racist British imperialist invaders settlers for years.
Help was asked of Massachusetts and since there was delay, the General Court, or Assembly, of the three Connecticut River towns, raised an "army" of 90 men under Major John Mason, which sailed down the river and raised the Indian siege of the Saybrook fort.
Major John Mason's Expedition; They sailed by the Thames amid the derisive shouts of the Pequots who challenged them to come ashore and fight. Mason shrewdly landed in the Narragansett country and tried to persuade Canonicus and Ninigret, their chiefs, to join with a band of Mohicans under Uncas, a Pequot who because he had been deposed of his position had become an ally of the racist British imperialist invaders. They agreed, but marching back overland, when the little army crossed the Pawcatuck at the ford (Westerly) most of the Narragansetts deserted, though Uncas and his warriors.
The "army" followed the Pequot Trail to the head of the Mystic River and camped on the west bank at Porter's Rocks just below Old Mystic.
the second Pequot stronghold on the top of Fort Hill overlooking the Thames Valley was destroyed too;
1644, John Winthrop, Jr., who had become familiar with the Pequot country on his visits to Saybrook, obtained a grant of Fisher's Island from Massachusetts and the right to make a settlement at Pequot (New London) . A plantation was started, and May 6, 1646, the town officially organized under Massachusetts. It was soon transferred to Connecticut by the Commissioners of the United Colonies (two delegates each from Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven).
xxx
Mason's Island (Algonquin: Chippachaug - meaning: a separated place); an inhabited island at the mouth of the Mystic River, in Stonington, Connecticut. The island was named after Major John Mason who was granted the island in recognition for his military services in the 1637 Pequot War in nearby Mystic.[1] This island remained in the Mason family for over 250 years from 1651 to 1913. Since then the Allyn family have been stewards of this special place and most of the island is owned by the Mason's Island Company and regulated by property deeds under the Mason's Island Property Owners Association (MIPOA). The Mason's Island Marina and the Mystic River Marina are located on the north end of the island. Mason's Island is connected to the mainland by a causeway.
17 colonial cemeteries have been discovered. Four of those have been Native American including one found near Long Pond in Ledyard that dates to 1770 and is just a few miles from the Foxwoods Resort Casino owned by the Mashantucket Pequots. The tribe ended up buying that site.
The Masons Island lot is sandwiched between two other homes and about 100 yards from the Mystic River. The Pequots were known to have lived near the water where they fished. The cemetery is also on land owned at the time by Capt. John Mason, who in 1637 led a racist British imperialist invaders and Indian force that killed a large number of Pequot men, women and children when it attacked and burned their fort about three miles away.
The first European colonists established a trading house in the Pawcatuck section of town in 1649. The present territory of Stonington was part of lands that had belonged to the Pequot people, who referred to the areas making up Stonington as Pawcatuck (Stony Brook to the Pawcatuck River) and Mistack (Mystic River to Stony Brook). It was named "Souther Towne" or Southerton by Massachusetts in 1658,
xxx
1647, Major John Mason assumed command of Saybrook Fort, which controlled the main trade and supply route to the upper river valley. The fort mysteriously burned to the ground, but another improved fort was quickly built nearby. He spent the next twelve years there and served as Commissioner of the United Colonies, its chief military officer, Magistrate, and peacekeeper. He was continually called upon to fairly negotiate the purchase of Indian lands, write a treaty, or arbitrate some Indian quarrel, many of which were instigated by his friend Uncas.
xxx
1647; first fort constructed on Saybrook Point between 1635 and 1636 and was occupied until it burned in the winter of 1647/1648. Following the fire, the fort and all the associated structure were in disrepair or entirely destroyed.
In 1649, the records of Massachusetts Bay commented that during its last few years, the Saybrook fort was “of no force against an enemy of considerable strength.”
xxx
90 Wampanoag/Pokanoket people in attendance, double the number of Pilgrims.
it was a Massasoit shakedown;
In the 1600s, the Pequot population was estimated to be 2,200 individuals.
now, there's ?
xxx
MAY 1; n 1637, the Connecticut General Court, in cooperation with Massachusetts, commissioned Capt. Mason to lead an expeditionary force to clean out the Pequots at their stronghold in Groton.
Forty-two men were enlisted at Hartford, thirty at Windsor and eighteen at Wethersfield.
The Mohegan sachem, Uncas, who had been driven to the Hartford area by the Pequots, and was eager to reclaim his lands, joined up with about sixty of his men. In their small flotilla, they sailed down the Connecticut to Saybrook. There they were joined by Capt. Underhill from Massachusetts with nineteen men.
Mason sent twenty of his men back up the river to protect the settlements. More Massachusetts men were expected, but they didn’t appear until about a m onth later at Groton, when the fighting was over.
xxx
1609; MANiSSES;
Robert Juet, an officer on the "Half Moon", provides an account in his journal of some of the lower Hudson Valley Native Americans. In his entries for September 4 and 5, 1609, he states: "This day the people of the country came aboord of us, seeming very glad of our comming, and brought greene tobacco, and gave us of it for knives and beads. They goe in deere skins loose, well dressed. They have yellow copper. They desire cloathes, and are very civill. They have great store of maize or Indian wheate whereof they make good bread. The country is full of great and tall oakes. This day [September 5, 1609] many of the people came aboord, some in mantles of feathers, and some in skinnes of divers sorts of good furres. Some women also came to us with hempe. They had red copper tabacco pipes and other things of copper they did wear about their neckes. At night they went on land againe, so wee rode very quite, but durst not trust them" (Juet 1959:28).
xxxxxx
UNDERHILL MASSACRES
Less than a year after Mystic, Underhill and his militia launched a surprise attack on
a Munsee village in what is now Westchester County, New York wiping out the entire village, killing over
five hundred Munsee Indians. For this, he was credited with ending what was later designated The First Munsee War. In two years of fighting, Underhill and his men had taken the lives of an estimated sixteen hundred Indians and destroyed most of the farmsteads on western Long Island.
xxx
David Pieterz De Vries recorded another description of the Wappinger who resided around Fort Amsterdam:
"The Indians about here are tolerably stout, have black hair with a long, lock which they let hang on one side of the head. Their hair is shorn on the top of the head like a cock's comb. Their clothing is a coat of beaver skins over the body, with the fur inside in winter and outside in summer; they have, also, sometimes a bear's hide, or a coat of the skins of wild cats, or hefspanen [probably raccoon], which is an animal most as hairy as a wild cat, and is also very good to eat. They also wear coats of turkey feathers, which they know how to put together. Their pride is to paint their faces strangely with red or black lead, so that they look like fiends. Some of the women are very well featured, having long countenances. Their hair hangs loose from their head; they are very foul and dirty; they sometimes paint their faces, and draw a black ring around their eyes."
As the Dutch began to settle in the area, they pressured the Connecticut Wappinger to sell their lands and seek refuge with other Algonquian-speaking tribes. The western bands, however, stood their ground amidst rising tensions.
During Kieft's War in 1643, the remaining Wappinger bands united against the Dutch, attacking settlements throughout New Netherland. Allied with their trading partners, the powerful Mohawk, the Dutch defeated the Wappinger by 1645. The Mohawk and Dutch killed more than 1500 Wappinger in the two years of the war. This was a devastating toll for the Wappinger, whose population in 1600 was estimated at 3,000.
The Wappinger faced the Dutch again in the 1655 Peach Tree War, a three-day engagement which left an estimated 100 settlers and 60 Wappinger dead, and strained relations further between the two groups.[13] After the war, the confederation broke apart, and many of the surviving Wappinger left their native lands for the protection of neighboring tribes.
In 1765, the remaining Wappinger in Dutchess County sued the Philipse family for control of the land but lost. In the aftermath the Philipses raised rents on European-American tenant farmers, sparking riots across the region.
xxx
Dutch launched a number of forays against the Indians in 1643 and 1644 from Tomac Cove in Old Greenwich, Connecticut,
Governor Kieft's notion of what to do, however, did not meet the expectations of his subjects. While some Dutch farmers, traders and soldiers had killed small numbers of Indians and the Indians avenged themselves with small-scale though shocking murders in return, few settlers of West India Company soldiers felt comfortable with the idea of a large-scale Indian slaughter as a solution to their problems. To discourage this idea, the Council of Eight Men tried to make Kieft personally lead any expeditionary force against large Indian massings, such that he would fully assume responsibility for such offensive ideas. Kieft begged John Winthrop, for troops, offering 25,000 guilders and Fort Amsterdam itself as collateral, but the governor of MA Bay Colony "wholly declined, doubting the wisdom of his cause."
Kieft found the man for the job in John Underhill, an experienced man in such matters. Receiving information of a large gathering of Munsee people to celebrate the new moon of February:
On arriving, the enemy was found on alert and on their guard, so that our people determined to charge and surround the huts, sword in hand. The Indians behaved like soldiers, deployed in small bands, so we had in a short time one dead and twelve wounded. They were likewise so hard pressed that it was impossible for one to escape. Ina brief period of time, one hundred and eighty were counted dead outside their houses. Presently none durst come forth, keeping themselves within the houses, discharging arrows through the holes.
The fight ended, several fires were built in consequence of the great cold. The wounded, fifteen in number were dressed and sentinels were posted by the General. The troops bivouacked there for the remainder of the night. On the next day, the party set out much refreshed in good order, so as to arrive at Stamford in the evening. They marched with great courage over that wearisome mountain, God affording extraordinary strength to the wounded, some of whom were badly hurt and came in the afternoon to Stamford after a march of two days and one night, with little rest.
xxxx
Butcher Underhill; Underhill; soldier in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Province of New Hampshire, where he also served as governor; the New Haven Colony, New Netherland, and later the Province of New York, settling on Long Island. Hired to train militia in New England;
Early in 1636, John Underhill was sent to Salem to arrest Roger Williams, considered a heretic by the Puritans. But, Roger Williams had already fled to Rhode Island.
In August 1636 Underhill led an expedition to Block Island. Underhill was removed from office and disfranchised in 1637, banished along with Anne Hutchinson in 1638, and excommunicated in 1640;
April 1644, seven savages were arrested at Hempstead on Long Island for killing two or three pigs, although later found that some racist British imperialist invadersmen had done it. Kieft sent John Underhill and fifteen or sixteen soldiers to Hempstead, who killed three of the seven in a cellar. He then put the four remaining Indians in a boat, two of whom were towed behind in the water by a string round their necks. The soldiers drowned these two men and the two unfortunate survivors were detained as prisoners at Fort Amsterdam where they were brutally tortured. A critic of the events, perhaps David DeVries, wrote of Kieft's brutality in the most inflammatory manner possible to drive home his point that Kieft must be recalled:
When (the Indian prisoners) had been kept a long time in the corps de garde, the Director became tired of giving them food any longer and they were delivered to the soldiers to do with as they pleased. The poor unfortunate prisoners were immediately dragged out of
The poor unfortunate prisoners were immediately dragged out of the guard house and soon dispatched with knives of from 18 to20 inches long which Director Kieft had made for his soldiers for such purposes, saying that swords were for use in the huts of the savages, when they went to surprise them; but that these knives were much handier for bowelling them.
The first of these savages having received a frightful wound, desired them to permit him to dance what is called the Kinte Kayce, a religious use observed among them before death; he received however so many wounds that he dropped down dead. The soldiers then cut strips from the other's body, beginning at the calves, up the back, over the shoulders and down to the knees. While this was going on, Governor Kieft, with his comrade Jan de la Montaigne, a Frenchman, (and Fort physician) stood laughing heartily at the fun and rubbing his right arm, so much delight the took in such scenes. He then ordered hit to be taken out of the fort, and the soldiers bringing him to the Beaver's Path, he dancing the Kinte Kayce the entire time, threw him down, cut off his genetales, thrust them in his mouth while still alive, and at last placing him on a mill stone cut off his head . . . What I tell you is true, for by the same token there stood at the same time 24 0r 25 female savages who had been taken prisoner at the N.. point of the fort; and when they saw this bloody spectacle they held up their arms, struck their mouth, and, in their language exclaimed: "For shame! For shame! Such unheard of cruelty was never known, or even thought among us!" The savages have often called out to us from a distance: "what scoundrels you Swanneken are, you do not war upon us, but upon our wives and children who you treacherously murder; whereas we do no harm either to your wives or your children, but feed
xx
Feb 1644; Munsee; After most warriors had been killed, Underhill and his men torched the Munsee wigwams, burning all inside. In the most devastating assault, on a congregation of Munsee communities in contemporary Stamford, Connecticut, in February 1644, Underhill and his men reportedly massacred more than 500 Munsees
The Confederate Congress declared a Thanksgiving service for July 28, 1861 for their victory at Bull Run, and another for September 18, 1862, for the Second Battle at Bull Run;;
But
Owanux! Owanux!
Comments
Post a Comment