Feb 8 Holidaze

February 8th Holidays Holidaze

"Find out just what any people will quietly submit to, and you have found out the exact amount of injustice and wrong which will be imposed upon them; and these will continue till they are resisted with either words or blows, or with both. The limits of tyrants are prescribed by the endurance of those whom they oppress." ~Frederick Douglass, 1857

In all of American history, there's but a decade of peace.

xxxBorn 8 Feb 1906; died 19 Sep 1968 at age 62.
Chester Floyd Carlson was an American physicist who invented xerography (22 Oct 1938), an electrostatic dry-copying process that found applications ranging from office copying to reproducing out-of-print books. The process involved sensitizing a photoconductive surface to light by giving it an electrostatic charge Carlson developed it between 1934 and 1938, and initially described it as electrophotography It was immediately protected by Carlson with an impenetrable web of patents, though it was not until 1944 that he was able to obtain funding for further development. In 1947 he sold the commercial rights for his invention to the Haloid Company, a small manufacturer of photographic paper (which later became the Xerox Corporation). Copies in Seconds... Chester Carlson and the Birth of the Xerox Machine, by David Owen. - book suggestion.

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1865 1st black major in U.S. Army, Martin Robinson Delany; Martin Robison Delany (May 6, 1812 – January 24, 1885) was an African-American abolitionist, journalist, physician, soldier and writer, and arguably the first proponent of black nationalism. Born in Charles Town, Virginia and raised in Chambersburg and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Delaney trained as physician's assistant. During the cholera epidemics of 1833 and 1854, Delany treated patients although many doctors and residents fled Pittsburgh. In 1850, Delany was one of the first three black people admitted to Harvard Medical School, but all were dismissed after a few weeks following protests by white students. Delany also traveled in the south in 1839 to observe slavery, and beginning in 1847 worked alongside Frederick Douglass to publish the North Star. Delany then dreamed of establishing a settlement in West Africa, and visited Liberia as well as lived in Canada for several years,
but as the American Civil War began returned to the United States.

Beginning in 1863, he recruited blacks for the United States Colored Troops. Commissioned as a major in February 1865, Delany became the first African-American field grade officer in the United States Army. After the war, Delaney initially remained with the Army and served under General Rufus Saxton in the 52nd U.S. Colored Troops. He was later transferred to the Freedmen's Bureau, serving on Hilton Head. He shocked white officers with his strong call for the right of freed blacks to own land. Later in 1865, Delany was mustered out of the Freedmen's Bureau and shortly afterward resigned from the Army. After the Civil War, Delany settled in South Carolina, where he worked for the Freedmen's Bureau and became politically active, including in the Colored Conventions Movement. Delany ran unsuccessfully for Lieutenant Governor as a Republican and was appointed a Trial Judge, until ultimately removed in a scandal.
!!!Delany later switched his party loyalty and worked for the campaign of Democrat Wade Hampton III, who won the 1876 election for governor. By 1876, South Carolina rifle clubs included about 20,000 white men. More than 150 blacks were killed in election-related violence.

Born 8 Feb 1700; died 17 Mar 1782 at age 82. 318 years old. Daniel Bernoulli. Swiss mathematician who was the most distinguished in the second generation of the Bernoulli family dynasty of mathematicians. His talents were prodigous, spanning medicine, biology, physiology, mechanics, physics, astronomy, and oceanography. His principal work, "Hydrodynamica" (1734, publ. 1738) on fluid dynamics provides formulas for velocity, duration and quantity of fluid flow out of the opening of a container. Bernoulli's famous theorem, based on the conservation of energy, states the total mechanical energy of the flowing fluid remains constant. This total is comprised of the energy associated with fluid pressure, the gravitational potential energy of elevation, and the kinetic energy of fluid motion.

xxxI was born on a Monday, Me, a great spiritual philosopher-god of the Western World, yup, a natural birth, according to the Gregorian calendar, I was born on a Monday, February 8, 1982, which means I have been alive for 13,149 days! on this planet Earth, this microscopic dustmite, hurtling thru space, making a blistering trip around the Sun, a ball of gas burning at insane temperatures, virtually infinite atomic explosions, & will keep doing it's Sun thang for billions of years, at 67,000 miles per hour.
1982... what a crazy year that was. "Quest for Fire" was the #1 movie... about cavemen finding fire... it was slow & boring. I hated it.
xxxMinimum wage was $3.35. gas $1.19/gallon; milk $1.79 gallon; $12k was average income. Ronald Reagan had been President for 2 years now, Time cover said "unemployment the biggest worry". Americans were rocking out to "Centerfold" by J Geils Band music... "my blood runs cold, my memory has just been sold... my angel is a centerfold" the #1 song at the time. xxx Reagan administration reported international human rights conditions were declining in central america & several african nations. El Salvador... South Africa; Soviet Union's activities in Poland & Afghanistan were sharply criticized.Poles were pissed at the occupation; Roman Catholic wanted to get solidarity movement going. reagan ends medicaid paying for abortions; Rent Stabilization Association; xxx

"Witness To Power" by John Ehrlichman was one of the best selling books, about Nixon's years. On TV people were watching "De película".

February 8, 1983. Wayne Gretzky sets NHL all star record of 4 goals in 1 period. Era of Wayne Gretzky.

"This budget is bigger than last years. There's been no budget that has been reduced." ~Ronald Reagan, February 8, 1982, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul-w0Gj12ko

By March 1982 it had reached 9%, and in December of that year the unemployment rate stood at its recession peak of 10.8%, the highest it's been since the Great Depression. The jobless rate slowly receded over the next few years, falling to 8.3% by the end of 1983 and to 7.2% by the 1984 presidential election.

GDP; Dec 31, 1982, 6.49 trillion.

1981, Ronald Reagan Tax Cut;

pro-War Budget to compete with Russia's military;

February 8, 2018. A few days ago, SpaceX launched Falcon Heavy into space. There's an electric car floating around in space now. "Most powerful rocket in the world"!?! Boosters landed back on their launchpad, which was fkn badass.

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1964 Rep Martha Griffiths address gets civil rights protection for women being added to the 1964 Civil Rights Act; in fact, some white supremacists voted for it, thinking it would kill Civil Rights;

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1955 The Government of Sindh abolished Jagirdari system in the province in Pakistan. One million acres (4000 km²) of land thus acquired is to be distributed among the landless peasants. Land reform, the fundamental basis for Revolution; A Jagir (IAST: Jāgīr), also spelled as Jageer, was a type of feudal land grant in South Asia at the foundation of its Jagirdar system. It developed during the Islamic rule era of the Indian subcontinent, starting in the early 13th century, wherein the powers to govern and collect tax from an estate was granted to an appointee of the state. The tenants were considered to be in the servitude of the jagirdar. There were two forms of jagir, one being conditional and the other unconditional. The conditional jagir required the governing family to maintain troops and provide their service to the state when asked. The land grant was called iqta, usually for a holder's lifetime, and the land reverted to the state upon the death of the jagirdar. JAGIRDARI referred to the divison of the empire into number of small areas called jagirs and the the person responsible for maintainance of the financial system of the area was called JAGIRDAR. His work was to collect revenue from his area as decided by the financial head of the state depending on the conditions of the area and hand over the collection to the central empire.

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2013 An investigation is taking place over recent hacking incident involving a hacker gaining access to the email accounts of former President George H. W. Bush, his friends and relatives; great hacker success, whose name may never reach the history books.

1971 The NASDAQ stock market index opens for the first time.

1927 Belgian-Swiss treaty signed;

8 Feb, 2005 - Peace Between Israel and Palestine; Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas and Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon have declared a truce to end four years of Middle East violence.Hamas said they're not bound by ceasefire; israel handed over 5 west bank towns to palestinians in 3 weeks and release 500 prisoners. under W, but still no peace in middle east;

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February 8, 1820. William Tecumseh Sherman was born in 1820 in Lancaster, Ohio, near the banks of the Hocking River. Sherman reported that his middle name came from his father having "caught a fancy for the great chief of the Shawnees, 'Tecumseh'" William Tecumseh Sherman, American general (d. 1891)!!! Famous March to the Sea; Sherman began his Civil War career serving in the
First Battle of Bull Run and Kentucky in 1861. He served under General Ulysses S. Grant in 1862 and 1863 during the
battles of forts Henry and Donelson, the Battle of Shiloh, the campaigns that led to the fall of the Confederate stronghold of
Vicksburg on the Mississippi River, and
the Chattanooga Campaign, which culminated with the routing of the Confederate armies in the state of Tennessee.

In 1864, Sherman succeeded Grant as the Union commander in the western theater of the war.
He proceeded to lead his troops to the capture of the city of Atlanta, a military success that contributed to the re-election of Abraham Lincoln. Sherman's subsequent march through Georgia and the Carolinas further undermined the Confederacy's ability to continue fighting.

He accepted the surrender of all the Confederate armies in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida in April 1865, after having been present at most major military engagements in the western theater. When Grant assumed the U.S. presidency in 1869, Sherman succeeded him as Commanding General of the Army, in which capacity he served from 1869 until 1883. As such, he was responsible for the U.S. Army's engagement in the Indian Wars over the next 15 years. Sherman advocated total war against hostile Indians to force them back onto their reservations. He steadfastly refused to be drawn into politics and in 1875 published his Memoirs, one of the best-known first-hand accounts of the Civil War. British military historian B. H. Liddell Hart famously declared that Sherman was "the first modern general".

"In looking around the room, I saw a small box, like a candle-box, marked "Howell Cobb," and, on inquiring of a negro, found that we were at the plantation of General Howell Cobb, of Georgia, one of the leading rebels of the South, then a general in the Southern army, and who had been Secretary of the United States Treasury in Mr. Buchanan's time. Of course, we confiscated his property, and found it rich in corn, beans, pea-nuts, and sorghum-molasses. Extensive fields were all round the house; I sent word back to General David to explain whose plantation it was, and instructed him to spare nothing. That night huge bonfires consumed the fence-rails, kept our soldiers warm, and the teamsters and men, as well as the slaves, carried off an immense quantity of corn and provisions of all sorts. In due season the headquarter wagons came up, and we got supper.

After supper I sat on a chair astride, with my back to a good fire, musing, and became conscious that an old negro, with a tallow-candle in his hand, was scanning my face closely. I inquired, "What do you want, old man!" He answered, "Dey say you is Massa Sherman." I answered that such was the case, and inquired what he wanted. He only wanted to look at me, and kept muttering, "Dis nigger can't sleep dis night." I asked him why he trembled so, and he said that he wanted to be sure that we were in fact "Yankees," for on a former occasion some rebel cavalry had put on light-blue overcoats, personating Yankee troops, and many of the negroes were deceived thereby, himself among the number had shown them sympathy, and had in consequence been unmercifully beaten therefor. This time he wanted to be certain before committing himself; so I told him to go out on the porch, from which he could see the whole horizon lit up with camp-fires, and he could then judge whether he had ever seen any thing like it before. The old man became convinced that the "Yankees" had come at last, about whom he had been dreaming all his life; and some of the staff officers gave him a strong drink of whiskey, which set his tongue going.

Lieutenant Spelling, who commanded my escort, was a Georgian, and recognized in this old negro a favorite slave of his uncle, who resided about six miles off; but the old slave did not at first recognize his young master in our uniform. One of my staff-officers asked him what had become of his young master, George. He did not know, only that he had gone off to the war, and he supposed him killed, as a matter of course. His attention was then drawn to Spelling's face, when he fell on his knees and thanked God that he had found his young master alive and along with the Yankees. Spelling inquired all about his uncle and the family, asked my permission to go and pay his uncle a visit, which I granted, of course, and the next morning he described to me his visit. The uncle was not cordial, by any means, to find his nephew in the ranks of the host that was desolating the land, and Spelling came back, having exchanged his tired horse for a fresher one out of his uncle's stables, explaining that surely some of the "bummers" would have got the horse had he not."

born on Feb 8;xxx
1- man who created Xerox copying machine, ie xerography, Chester Floyd Carlson, born February 8, 1906,
2- Daniel Bernoulli, of Bernoulli's principle fame, was born, Feb 8, 1700;
3- William Tecumseh Sherman, born Feb 8, 1820;
4- Mendeleev; creator of peroidic table;

events;
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Feb 8, 1865. 1st black man promoted to officer in US Army, Martin Robinson Delany by Feb 8, 1865.
Feb 8, 1927. Belgian-Swiss treaty signed;
Feb 8, 1955. The Government of Sindh abolished Jagirdari system in the province in Pakistan. One million acres (4000 km²) of land thus acquired is to be distributed among the landless peasants.
Feb 8, 1964. Rep Martha Griffiths address gets civil rights protection for women being added to the 1964 Civil Rights Act;
Feb 8, 1971. The NASDAQ stock market index opens for the first time.
February 8, 1983. Wayne Gretzky sets NHL all star record of 4 goals in 1 period. Era of Wayne Gretzky.
Feb 8, 2005. Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas and Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon have declared a truce to end four years of Middle East violence.Hamas said they're not bound by ceasefire; israel handed over 5 west bank towns to palestinians in 3 weeks and release 500 prisoners. under W, but still no peace in middle east;
Feb 8, 2013. A Hacker hacks into email accounts of former President George H. W. Bush, his friends and relatives;

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xxx184 years old; Born 8 Feb 1834; died 2 Feb 1907 at age 72.  Russian chemist who developed the periodic classification of the elements. In his final version of the periodic table (1871) he left gaps, foretelling that they would be filled by elements not then known. He predicted the properties of three of those elements.
1834, Dmitri Ivanovich Medeleyev, Russian chemist, developed the periodic table of elements.!!! Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was a Russian chemist and inventor. He formulated the Periodic Law, created a farsighted version of the periodic table of elements, and used it to correct the properties of some already discovered elements and also to predict the properties of eight elements yet to be discovered.
Mendeleev was born in the village of Verkhnie Aremzyani, near Tobolsk in Siberia, to Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev (1783—1847) and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (née Kornilieva) (1793—1850).[4][5] His paternal grandfather Pavel Maximovich Sokolov was a Russian Orthodox priest from the Tver region.

"Why do they [Americans] quarrel, why do they hate Negroes, Indians, even Germans, why do they not have science and poetry commensurate with themselves, why are there so many frauds and so much nonsense? I cannot soon give a solution to these questions ... It was clear that in the United States there was a development not of the best, but of the middle and worst sides of European civilization; the notorious general voting, the tendency to politics... all the same as in Europe. A new dawn is not to be seen on this side of the ocean." ~Dmitri Ivanovich Medeleyev

"Before the promulgation of the periodic law the chemical elements were mere fragmentary incidental facts in nature; there was no special reason to expect the discovery of new elements, and the new ones which were discovered from time to time appeared to be possessed of quite novel properties. The law of periodicity first enabled us to perceive undiscovered elements at a distance which formerly were inaccessible to chemical vision, and long ere they were discovered new elements appeared before our eyes possessed of a number of well-defined properties."
~Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev

"If all the elements are arranged in the order of their atomic weights, a periodic repetition of properties is obtained. This is expressed by the law of periodicity."

"There must be some bond of union between mass and the chemical elements; and as the mass of a substance is ultimately expressed (although not absolutely, but only relatively) in the atom, a functional dependence should exist and be discoverable between the individual properties of the elements and their atomic weights. But nothing, from mushrooms to a scientific dependence can be discovered without looking and trying. So I began to look about and write down the elements with their atomic weights and typical properties, analogous elements and like atomic weights on separate cards, and soon this convinced me that the properties of the elements are in periodic dependence upon their atomic weights; and although I had my doubts about some obscure points, yet I have never doubted the universality of this law, because it could not possibly be the result of chance."

"When the elements are arranged in vertical columns according to increasing atomic weight, so that the horizontal lines contain analogous elements again according to increasing atomic weight, an arrangement results from which several general conclusions may be drawn."

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SNL actress Cecily Strong ... hmmm... Cecily Strong & me have the same birthday, there's a conversation starter.
2012; been a part of SNL since 2012; Strong was born in Springfield, Illinois, and was raised in Oak Park, Illinois, an inner ring suburb of Chicago. She is the daughter of Penelope and William "Bill" Strong, who worked as an Associated Press bureau chief and is now managing partner at a Chicago public relations firm. Strong's parents are divorced. Strong grew up adoring SNL as a child, reenacting sketches with her friend and watching old SNL commercials on VHS. "I had a tape of the best commercials, and I wore it out, every day." She has stated that she was inspired by Phil Hartman.

1828. Jules Verne; science fiction author; Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870), and Around the World in Eighty Days (1873).

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Feb 8, 1931. 51 years before me.
"You're tearing me apart!" ~James Dean; died 24 years of age; Births: James Dean 1931, born in Marion, Indiana, raised in Fairmount, Indiana;
"Rebel Without a Cause",
"East of Eden", and
"Giant";... Giant seemed ok, "East of Eden" was good.

journalist Ted Koppel actress Lana Turner 1921 actor Seth Green 1974 author John Grisham 1955;
Mary Steenbergen 1953... Back to the Future Part III (1990), Philadelphia (1993), What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), Powder, Elf (2003) & Step Brothers (2008);

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Scientific Achievements:
1883 Louis Waterman begins experiments to invent fountain pen;

1912 1st eastbound US transcontinental flight lands in Jacksonville, Fla
8 Feb, 1922 - Radio Installed In White House; President Warren G. Harding has a radio installed in the White House signaling it's increased use, acceptance in America.
1924 1st US coast-to-coast radio hookup: Gen John Joseph Carty speech in Chicago;
1928 1st transatlantic TV image received, Hartsdale, New York
1928 Scottish inventor J. Blaird demonstrates color-TV
1929 KOY-AM in Phoenix Arizona begins radio transmissions
1933 1st flight of all-metal Boeing 247
1963, the first full color television program in the world, publicly advertised, is broadcast in Mexico City by XHGC-TV, Channel 5, due to technical breakthrough advances made by Mexican engineer Guillermo Gonzalez Camarena;
1992 Ulysses spacecraft passes Jupiter


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1996 massive internet collaboration 24 Hours in CyberSpace takes place;

Feb 8, 1928, John Logie Baird’s transmission of a TV image was received across the Atlantic ocean using short wave radio, from station 2 KZ at Purley, England to Hartsdale, NY. Though imperfect, an image showed the face of Mrs. Mia Howe. Baird's system was electromechanical: a light sensitive camera behind a rotating disc. The picture was crudely formed from a scan of thirty lines at twelve frames per second. The television receiver displayed a tiny, uneven image. This caused a sensation. The New York Times compared the event to Marconi’s sending of the letter “S” by radio across the Atlantic, 27 years earlier.

1st Giant Panda to live in the US (& outside China);
Feb 8, 1937, the first giant panda to live outside China, Su Lin, was acquired by Brookfield Zoo, Chicago, U.S., from Ruth Harkness who brought the infant back from an expedition into the bamboo forests of the mountains between Tibet and China. She sailed back to Manhattan, arriving 18 Dec 1936. Su Lin caused a media sensation. She first offered the panda to the Bronx Zoo, New York, in return for funding her next expedition, but they declined. Instead, the Brookfield Zoo underwrote her next quest for another panda. Su Lin was first exhibited there to the public in August 1937, and the zoo had its highest attendance since its opening day. The public loved Su Lin and attitudes changed to reject any trophy hunt to ever shoot a panda.

Allende Meteorite Found in Mexico. Feb 8, 1969, pieces of a large meteorite were recovered in Chihuahua, Mexico. It fell at 1:05 am as a huge fireball that scattering several tons of material over an area measuring 48 by 7 km. Named after the nearby village of Allende, samples of this carbonaceous chondrite stone contain an aggregated mass of particles several of which can be easily identified as
chondrules. This ancient material comes from before our Solar System formed, thus over 4.6 billion years old. Since these remnants represent the most primitive geological material from which planets were formed, and carry information to help explain the evolution of the our galaxy, Allende is one of the most studied meteorites in the world.
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Who? Born 8 Feb 1897; died 25 May 1972 at age 75.
American psychiatrist and educator who developed the Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler's system of individual psychology into a pragmatic method for understanding the purposes of reprehensible behaviour in children and for stimulating cooperative behaviour without punishment or reward.

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Born 8 Feb 1825; died 14 Apr 1882 at age 57. Baptiste Henry Jacques Giffard was a French engineer who built the first successful airship. On 24 Sep 1852, he travelled from Paris in his airship 28 km (17 miles) to Trappes, at a top speed of 8 km/hr (5 mph). His cigar-shaped balloon, was powered by a lightweight, one-cylinder steam engine which turned a large propeller. He became rich from inventing an injector for feeding water into the boiler of steam locomotives (1859), which earned the Academie des Sciences prize for mechanics. Later, he constructed successively larger tethered hydrogen balloons. At the 1878 Paris Exposition, one carried 52 passengers on each ascent, returned to the ground by a cable on a steam-powered winch. Giffard died by suicide after becoming blind. He left much money in his will for humanitarian and scientific purposes.

who?
Born 8 Feb 1777; died 27 Sep 1838 at age 61. French chemist who discovered the element iodine. As the son of a saltpeter manufacturer from Dijon, he grew interested in chemistry and was apprenticed to a pharmacist. While in military service as a pharmacist, he became the first to isolate pure morphine from opium (1804). He returned to assist at his father's saltpeter business, where the ashes of kelp seaweed were leached for sodium and potassium salts using sulphuric acid. In 1811, from the mother liquor, he observed rising clouds of purple vapour which condensed on cold surfaces as dark crystals with a metallic lustre. He thought these could be a new element, but lacked ability to fully confirm his suspicion. This was later verified by Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac and Humphry Davy.

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On Feb 8, 1865, Gregor Mendel, aged 42, who first discovered the laws of genetics, read his first scientific paper to the Brünn Society for the study of Natural Sciences in Moravia (published 1866). He described his investigations with pea plants. Although he sent 40 reprints of his article to prominent biologists throughout Europe, including Darwin, only one was interested enough to reply. Most of the reprints, including Darwin's, were discovered later with the pages uncut, meaning they were never read. Fortunately, 18 years after Mendel's death, three botanists in three different countries researching the laws of inheritance, in spring 1900, came to realize that Mendel had found them first. Mendel was finally acknowledged as a pioneer in the field which became known as genetics.

Feb 8, 1974, the third and final astronaut crew returned from the U.S. earth-orbiting Skylab Space Station, completing their mission in space that began on 16 Nov 1973. Overall, Skylab had orbited Earth 2,476 times during the 171 days of its occupation during a total of three manned Skylab missions which started with the first crew on 25 May 1973. During that time, about 2,000 hours of scientific and medical experiments had been conducted by the three crews, many of which concerned how astronauts adapted to prolonged time spent under conditions of microgravity. The coronal holes in the Sun were discovered. After spending time in a parking orbit, the vacant Skylab was steered to Earth, disintegrated in its atmosphere on 11 Jul 1979.«

February 8, 1916. Charles Kettering received a patent for a self-starting automobile engine.

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Sometimes the Grammys fall on Feb 8, but even if it doesn't, Feb 8 is around the season of the Grammys. So that's fun.

feb 8 1982 – died; John Hay Whitney, American financier (b. 1904);

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Feb 8 1725, Peter the great dies. Peter the great died;

431 years ago;
1587; Mary, Queen of Scots, was beheaded;  Mary, Queen of Scots, was arrested, put on trial, and then executed on suspicion of having been involved in the Babington Plot to murder her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I.
death knell of Scotland’s independence; Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–87), the last monarch of a truly separate Scotland? a martyr of Scottish nationhood; As her ladies-in-waiting wept, Mary dutifully finished her prayers as she faced the scaffolding and a crowd of 500 onlookers.
The executioner fell to his knees and asked for her forgiveness. With composure and a smile on her face, she quietly forgave him and allowed her ladies-in-waiting to help her remove her articles of clothing and place a handkerchief over her eyes. As she lay her head on the block, she cried out In manus tuas, Domine (In your hands, Sir!) multiple times.
After 2 strokes of the executioner's axe, her head was severed from her body. Taking her head with his hand, the executioner lifted her head-dress off, revealing her once famously fair hair had turned grey. "God save Queen Elizabeth! May all the enemies of the true Evangel thus perish!" he cried out.
According to record, Mary's lips quivered for several minutes after her decapitation.
It was said that her beloved dog had been hiding underneath her clothes and faithfully stayed with her blood-soaked body.

xxxThe 16th-century Italian philosopher (and former Catholic priest) Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake for a stubborn adherence to his then unorthodox beliefs—including the ideas that the universe is infinite and that other solar systems exist.
The most notable of these were his theories of the infinite universe and the multiplicity of worlds, in which he rejected the traditional geocentric (Earth-centred) astronomy and intuitively went beyond the Copernican heliocentric (Sun-centred) theory, which still maintained a finite universe with a sphere of fixed stars.
He is known for his cosmological theories, which conceptually extended the then-novel Copernican model. He proposed that the stars were just distant suns surrounded by their own exoplanets and raised the possibility that these planets could even foster life of their own (a philosophical position known as cosmic pluralism). He also insisted that the universe is in fact infinite and could have no celestial body at its "center".

Naples, Italy (Spain at the time). 1600. the fact that he was a crappy scientist (and many historians argue he shouldn't be considered one at all). They even hit upon what is fundamentally extraordinary about Bruno: that he managed to divine the universe's plurality with no hard evidence. The guy not only figured out that stars are distant suns from pure intuition, he staked his life on it;
his refusal to recant his belief in a plurality of worlds contributed to his sentence. But it's important to note that the Catholic Church didn't even have an official position on the heliocentric universe in 1600, and support for it was not considered heresy during Bruno's trial. his support for Copernican cosmology was the least heretical position he propagated. His opinions on theology were far more pyrotechnic. For example, Bruno had the balls to suggest that Satan was destined to be saved and redeemed by God. He didn't think Jesus was the son of God, but rather "an unusually skilled magician." He even publicly disputed Mary's virginity. The Church could let astronomical theories slide, but calling the Mother of God out on her sex life?
Bruno was a walking, talking shit storm, with a black belt in burning bridges. He constantly ranted about how idiotic his fellow friars were, calling them asses and lamenting their adherence to Catholic doctrine. For years, he'd set up shop in some city, find new patrons, and promptly make enemies of them with his combative sarcasm and relentless arguments. Even fellow Copernican pioneers Galileo and Kepler had no love for Bruno. In fact, in light of his difficult personality, it's kind of a mystery that he survived as long as he did. Inquisition's choice to render him speechless before his execution. His jaw was locked down with an iron gag, and his tongue and palate were pierced with iron spikes. Today a domineering statue of him stands in the Campo dei Fiori, where he was burned to death (the Vatican has sort of apologized for the execution, but tellingly maintains that Bruno was a heretic)

On February 8, 1600, when the death sentence was formally read to him, he addressed his judges, saying: “Perhaps your fear in passing judgment on me is greater than I receive it." "Perhaps you pronounce this sentence against me with greater fear than I receive it".
burned at the stake. Giordano Bruno;
GB said that the stars were suns, only further away, and that they too could have planets with life circling around them just like our sun does; he also believed that the universe was infinite, and therefore, no celestial body could be at it's center;
denying core Catholic doctrines, eternal damnation, Trinity, divinity of Christ, virginity of Mary & transubstantiation.
1600 Vatican convicts scholar Giordano Bruno to death; 1600 Vatican convicts scholar Giordano Bruno to death;
burned to death in Rome by the Catholic Church.
 beginning in 1593, GB was tried for heresy... Roman Inquisition... denying core Catholic doctrines, e feb 8? in 1593, GB was tried for heresy... Roman Inquisition...
On 20 January 1600, Pope Clement VIII declared Bruno a heretic and the Inquisition issued a sentence of death. He was turned over to the secular authorities.
On 17 February 1600, in the Campo de' Fiori (a central Roman market square), with his "tongue imprisoned because of his wicked words", he was burned at the stake. His ashes were thrown into the Tiber river. All of Bruno's works were placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum in 1603.
Inquisition cardinals who judged Giordano Bruno were: Cardinal Bellarmino (Bellarmine), Cardinal Madruzzo (Madruzzi), Cardinal Camillo Borghese (later Pope Paul V), Domenico Cardinal Pinelli, Pompeio Cardinal Arrigoni, Cardinal Sfondrati, Pedro Cardinal De Deza Manuel, Cardinal Santorio (Archbishop of Santa Severina, Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina).

radical Italian thinker was burned at the stake on February 17th, 1600.
Bruno’s philosophy is incomprehensible today except to specialists. Few people would have understood it in his own time, but he took a dangerous interest in the European tradition of high magic, rediscovered in the Renaissance and originating in the gnostic cults, Hermetic texts, mystery religions and occult speculations of the classical world.
n Venice he was betrayed to the Inquisition and in 1593 was removed to Rome, where he was held in prison and interrogated for six years before the final sentence was passed. When it was read out to him, he said to his judges: ‘Perhaps your fear in passing judgment on me is greater than mine in receiving it.’
Giordano Bruno became a hero to Italian nationalists. Not that they understood a word of him, but they adopted him as a martyr in the cause of freedom of thought, and when Rome was freed from the yoke of the Pope, a statue of Bruno was erected in the Campo de’ Fiori, where it stands to this day.
Starting in the late 1500s, Bruno argued not only in favor of Copernicus’s sun-centered cosmology, he also proposed that space was infinite in extent; that stars were other suns, surrounded by other Earths; and that those other worlds were also populated.
His belief in an infinite universe, reflecting the infinite glory of God, got Bruno shunned and exiled from country after country. He grew impoverished and largely friendless, but refused to recant. Eventually Bruno was imprisoned by the Church, and burned at the stake in 1600–10 years before Galileo announced his first observations that confirmed Copernicus was right.
The Roman Inquisition listed eight charges against Bruno. His belief in the plurality of worlds was just one. The others involved denying the divinity of Jesus, denying the virgin birth, denying transubstantiation, practicing magic, and believing that animals and objects (including the Earth) possessed souls. You could fairly call Bruno a martyr to the cause of religious freedom, but his cosmic worldview was neither a deduction nor a guess. It was a philosophical corollary of his heterodox belief that God and souls filled all of the universe.
Despite his heresies, Bruno was neither impoverished nor alone. In reality, he had a series of powerful patrons. In 1579, he was appointed a professor of philosophy in Tolouse, France. In 1581, King Henry III of France offered him a lucrative lectureship at the Sorbonne. In 1583 he visited England, lived with the ambassador to France, and met regularly with the Court
Nor was Bruno the simple, humble figure shown on TV. A major reason he moved around so much is that he was argumentative, sarcastic, and drawn to controversy. He engaged in bitter academic disputes, many of which had nothing to do with his cosmic framework. One example He fled France because of a violent dispute about the proper use of a compass (seriously).
Neither Johannes Kepler nor Galileo thought much of him. Kepler even wrote specifically to refute Bruno’s ideas. Citing Bruno as the “one man” who dared to go beyond Copernicus

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The Orangeburg Massacre https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWMqf68mLAc
SC Highway Patrolmen killed 4, injured 27 with 10 seconds of shooting.
1968. 50 years ago. MLK killed. Bobby Kennedy killed. 1- Henry "Smitty" Smith; 2- Samuel Hammond, Jr.; 3- Delano Middleton; 4- baby Louise Kelly;
"Sam played football and he was a popular guy," Feemster said.
Officers kill 3 students demonstrating in SC State (Orangeburg); 1968; Orangeburg massacre, attack on black students from SC State University who were protesting racial segregation at the town's only bowling alley, leaves 3 or 4 dead in Orangeburg, SC.
Orangesburg Massacre; 50th Anniversary of the Orangeburg Massacre; GREENVILLE, SC;
50 years of friendship between Lloyd Walker and Samuel Feemster. They met at
South Carolina State University in Orangeburg.
"We felt that we should have the freedom to go bowling or go to the restaurants," Walker said. The segregated South sparked student protests; one in
Orangeburg at the All-Star Bowling Alley. "We had a white guy who was there that we sent in there and they let him go bowl, but when the black kids went, they were denied entrance," Walker said.
Samuel Feemster protested outside the bowling alley as police and state troopers lined the street.
"Someone was pushed into a glass window. When that glass window broke, people started to run and move out of the way.
Cops got excited and they started swinging those clubs," Feemster said. "There were some people who got really beaten up bad that night."
The next night, February 8, 1968, Walker says he, his friend Henry Smith, whom everyone called "Smitty", and others hung around a bonfire on campus. However, Walker did not feel well. "I said 'look I'm going to go to the infirmary and then I'm going to go to the dorm.' Then in about two or three minutes, I walked to the infirmary- in there and I heard these explosions," he said. "It didn't sound like gunshots, but explosions all at one time- boom boom, boom boom." Moments later, he says the infirmary filled with students who had gunshot wounds. "Blood, bodies, blood everywhere," Walker said. "Smitty, who was close by got killed." Feemster made it to his dorm when he heard shots. "We sat on the floor. We didn't want to be in the windows because we were afraid they were marching onto campus," Feemster said. He knew
Samuel Hammond, Jr., another student witnesses say state troopers killed. The other victim, Delano Middleton, was a high school student. "He was waiting on his mother go get off work- she worked on campus," Feemster said.
he Orangeburg Massacre February 8, 50th anniversary.
On the night of February 8th, 1968, three students – Samuel Hammond, Henry Smith, and Delano Middleton, who was still in high school – were killed by police gunfire on the South Carolina State College (now University) campus in Orangeburg. Twenty-eight others were wounded. None of the students were armed and almost all were shot in their backs, buttocks, sides, or the soles of their feet.
desegregate All Star Bowling in downtown Orangeburg. The bowling alley was owned by Harry K. Floyd, who claimed that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 did not apply to his establishment because it was private. However, because the alley operated a lunch counter, it fell under the jurisdiction of laws regulating interstate commerce and thus federal desegregation. Although many black and white members of the community had tried to persuade Floyd to integrate, he refused. Appeals to the US Justice Department also went unheeded, and on the evening of Monday, February 5th, a group of roughly 40 South Carolina State students, led by senior
John Stroman, entered the alley. Floyd denied them the right to play, and after the police arrived, the students returned to campus.
On Tuesday night, Stroman tried again. This time, he and other students were met by 20 police officers who initially barricaded the bowling alley's locked door. Once the door was opened, Stroman and over 30 others entered the premises, where they remained for just
under half an hour. In acknowledgement of the brewing tension, Pete Strom, longtime chief of the State Law Enforcement Division (SLED), had been dispatched to Orangeburg to try to maintain peace. After speaking with Strom,
Stroman asked the female students to go home and advised all remaining protesters to leave if they did not want to be arrested.
Fifteen students chose to stay, hoping their arrests would compel the issue's resolution in court. As they were led to waiting patrol cars, an angry crowd gathered outside the bowling alley. New recruits arrived from campus, and some of the incoming students armed themselves with bricks obtained from a nearby construction site. An intervention by
Henry Vincent, South Carolina State's Dean of Students, secured the release of the jailed students, including Stroman, who returned to the parking lot.
The scene settled until a firetruck, ordered by police chief Roger Poston, arrived. A newcomer to Orangeburg, Poston was unaware that local students had been sprayed with firehoses at a 1960 sit-in. At this point, fear and a sense of betrayal swept the young crowd, despite pleas from Stroman, who climbed onto a car to calm fellow demonstrators.
By then, at least 50 (some say as many as 100) law enforcement officers were present, many brandishing truncheons. Both Poston and Stroman made repeated calls for calm, but it was too late; the seeds of riot had been sown. Three to four hundred students rallied, and a surge of angry youngsters pressed against the bowling alley's storefront, hurling insults and fists. The troopers responded with broad-scale beatings. One young man's skull was cracked, and reports from that night bear witness to at least two female students being held down and clubbed by officers. Wounded and enraged, the students broke windows out of cars and four buildings during their retreat.
Wednesday, February 7th, passed in a haze of whispers and waiting. Classes on campus were cancelled, and students met to plan a protest march for later that day. Permits were sought but denied by Mayor E.O. Pendarvis and the City of Orangeburg. Instead, white officials and businessmen came to campus, but their lack of support – and in some cases their obvious disdain – further fueled the students' dissent. Together with their professors, the student body compiled a formal list of grievances and presented them at City Hall late that afternoon. The list asked for

12 items, a third of which focused on injustices within the local medical community. For example, number five asked that
"the Orangeburg Medical Association make a public a statement of intent to serve all persons on an equal basis, regardless or race, religion, or creed."
Number nine asked leaders to "encourag[e] the Orangeburg Regional Hospital to accept the Medicare Program." Along with
All Star Bowling, Orangeburg Regional Hospital remained segregated in spite of federal law.

As the hours progressed, both South Carolina State and Claflin were placed on lockdown.

By Thursday, February 8th, roughly 120 armed National Guardsmen, state highwaymen, and local policemen had amassed at the edges of South Carolina State's campus. An additional 450 troops were stationed downtown. The officers were issued shotguns loaded with double-ought buckshot, used to kill deer and other large game.
Even now, those present in Orangeburg that winter speak of the eerie calm that descended upon the community. They also recall the brutal temperature. Dean Livingston, longtime editor of Orangeburg's daily paper, the Times and Democrat, later said,
"And cold, it was cold. One of the coldest nights, I think, I can recall in my life."
That night as darkness fell, students at South Carolina State gathered on a hill at the school's entrance, holding hands and singing.
At 10 PM, they lit a bonfire. Thirty minutes later, firemen moved in to douse the blaze, backed by just under 70 officers. The students began to retreat, but someone threw either a banister or a rock, hitting a highway trooper named
David Shealy in the face. Shealy fell to the ground bleeding.
Another officer fired his gun in the air as a warning. Later claiming they feared the shot had been fired by a student,
eight other officers and a city policeman opened fire.

In all, the onslaught the ensued lasted from
8 and 15 seconds. Between 100 and 150 students were present. Of these, 31 young black people were shot, three of whom died.
Samuel Ephesians Hammond, Jr. and Henry Ezekial Smith, ages 18 and 19 respectively, were students at South Carolina State.
Delano Herman Middleton, age 17, was a senior at nearby Wilkinson High School.
Middleton was not involved in the protests. His mother worked as a maid on campus, and he often stopped there on his way home from basketball practice. In all, he was shot seven times, once in the heart.
Henry "Smitty" Smith, an ROTC student and native of Marion, was shot three times, including in his neck.
"Sam" or "Sammy" Hammond was a freshman from Barnwell who was studying to be a teacher. He was shot in the back and died on the floor of Orangeburg's segregated hospital.

Also killed was the unborn child of
Louise Kelly Cawley, age 27, one of the young women beaten during the protest at All Star Bowling. Cawley suffered a miscarriage the following week.
Cleveland Sellers, a 23-year-old Bamberg County native who served formerly as a program director for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, was arrested on riot charges. Two-and-a-half-years later, he was convicted and sentenced to a year in prison.
Conversely, every law enforcement agent involved was acquitted.
Sellers, who had been shot during the attack, was pardoned in 1993 – nearly 25 years later – after evidence proved he was innocent. In the intervening years, he earned his master's degree from Harvard and his doctorate from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
For eight years, he served as the president of Voorhees College, located in his hometown of Denmark, before stepping down in 2016 due to failing health.
none of the nine officers involved have received even an informal reprimand. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqzECrrGJn4


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Feb 8 1238; The Mongols burn the Russian city of Vladimir, burning the royal family in the process. In the winter of 1237, Batu Khan came to the frontiers of Ryazan; it is possible that Prince Yury Ingvarevich (Prince of Ryazan)|Yury Ingvarevich of Ryazan sent his brother, Ingvar II Ingvarevich (Prince of Ryazan)|Ingvar Ingvarevich to Chernihiv to seek help from Mikhail, but he sent no troops to the beleaguered princes.
On 21 December the Mongols took Ryazan, and they plundered the treasures of the inhabitants including the wealth of their relatives from Kiev and Chernihiv.
In March 1238 the Mongols, who had routed Yuri II Vsevolodovich’s troops and killed him, continued their march, and in the Vyatichi lands they came upon the town of Kozelsk, and they struggled 7 weeks to crush it.
Archaeological evidence reveals that Mikhail’s domains of
*Mosalsk and Serensk suffered the same fate. Batu Khan (/ˈbɑːtuː ˈkɑːn/; Mongolian: Бат хаан, Bat haan, Tatar: Cyrillic Бату хан, Latin Batu xan, Arabic باتو خان, Chinese: 拔都 Bá dū, Russian: хан Баты́й, khan Baty, Greek: Μπατού; c. 1207–1255), also known as Sain Khan (Mongolian: Good Khan, Сайн хаан, Sayn hân) and Tsar Batu,[2] was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde, division of the Mongol Empire. Batu was a son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. His ulus was the chief state of the Golden Horde, which ruled Rus', Volga Bulgaria, Cumania, and the Caucasus for around 250 years, after also destroying the armies of Poland and Hungary. "Batu" or "Bat" literally means "firm" in the Mongolian language.
After the deaths of Genghis Khan's sons, he became the most respected prince called agha (elder brother) in the Mongol Empire.

In November 1237, Batu Khan sent his envoys to the court of Yuri II of Vladimir and demanded his submission. A month later, the hordes besieged Ryazan. After six days of bloody battle, the city was totally annihilated. Alarmed by the news,
Yuri II sent his sons to detain the invaders, but they were soundly defeated. Having burnt down
Kolomna and Moscow, the horde laid siege to Vladimir on February 4, 1238. Three days later, the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal was taken and burnt to the ground. The royal family perished in the fire!!!!!!, while the grand prince retreated northward.
Crossing the Volga, he mustered a new army, which was encircled and totally annihilated by the Mongols in the Battle of the Sit River on March 4. Thereupon Batu Khan divided his army into smaller units, which
ransacked fourteen cities of modern-day Russia: Rostov, Uglich, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Kashin, Ksnyatin, Gorodets, Galich, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Yuriev-Polsky, Dmitrov, Volokolamsk, Tver and Torzhok. Chinese siege engines were used by the Mongols under Tului to raze the walls of Russian cities.

The most difficult to take was the small town of Kozelsk, whose boy-prince Vasily, son of Titus, and inhabitants resisted the Mongols for seven weeks, killing 4,000. As the story goes, at the news of the Mongol approach,
KITZEH; the whole town of Kitezh with all its inhabitants was submerged into a lake, where, as legend has it, it may be seen to this day. Legend has it that Georgy II, Grand Prince of Vladimir in the early 13th century, first built the town of Maly Kitezh (Little Kitezh) on the Volga River (today's Krasny Kholm). It is sometimes erroneously identified with Gorodets, which was actually founded some 30 years before Georgy's birth in 1189. Later on, the prince crossed the rivers of Uzola, Sanda, and Kerzhenets, and found a beautiful spot on the shores of Lake Svetloyar, where he decided to build the town of Bolshoy Kitezh (Big Kitezh). According to folk etymology, the name of the town came from the royal residence of Kideksha (near Suzdal), ransacked by the Mongols in 1237, while Max Vasmer labels the place-name as "obscure".After having conquered some of the Russian lands, Batu Khan heard of Kitezh and ordered his army to advance towards it. The Mongols soon captured Maly Kitezh, forcing Georgy to retreat into the woods towards Bolshoy Kitezh. One of the prisoners told the Mongols about some secret paths to Lake Svetloyar. The army of the Golden Horde followed Georgy and soon reached the walls of the town. To the surprise of the Mongols, the town had no fortifications whatsoever. Its citizens didn't even intend to defend themselves and were engaged in fervent praying, asking God for their salvation. On seeing this, the Mongols rushed to the attack, but then stopped.
Suddenly, they saw countless fountains of water bursting from under the ground all around them. The attackers fell back and watched the town submerge into the lake. The last thing they saw was a glaring dome of a cathedral with a cross on top of it. Soon only waves remained.

The only major cities to escape destruction were Novgorod and Pskov. The Mongols planned to advance on Novgorod, but the principality was spared the fate of its brethren by the wise decision to preemptively surrender. In mid-1238, Batu Khan devastated the Crimea and pacified Mordovia. In the winter of 1239, he sacked Chernigov and Pereyaslav. After many days of siege, the horde stormed Kiev in December 1240. Despite the resistance of Danylo of Halych, Batu Khan managed to take two of his principal cities, Halych and Volodymyr-Volynskyi. The Mongols then resolved to "reach the ultimate sea", where they could proceed no further, and invaded Hungary and Poland. Although this defeat left the Rus' principalities at the mercy of invaders, the Mongol forces retreated and did not reappear for thirteen years, during which time the princes of Rus' went on quarrelling and fighting as before, until they were startled by a new and much more formidable invading force. In the Secret History of the Mongols, the only reference to this early battle is: "Then he (Chinghis Khan) sent Dorbei the Fierce off against the city of Merv, and on to conquer the people between Iraq and the Indus. He sent Subetei the Brave off to war in the North where he defeated eleven kingdoms and tribes, crossing the Volga and Ural Rivers, finally going to war with Kiev." Batu Khan (/ˈbɑːtuː ˈkɑːn/; Mongolian: Бат хаан, Bat haan, Tatar: Cyrillic Бату хан, Latin Batu xan, Arabic باتو خان, Chinese: 拔都 Bá dū, Russian: хан Баты́й, khan Baty, Greek: Μπατού; c. 1207–1255), also known as Sain Khan (Mongolian: Good Khan, Сайн хаан, Sayn hân) and Tsar Batu,[2] was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde, division of the Mongol Empire. Batu was a son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. His ulus was the chief state of the Golden Horde, which ruled Rus', Volga Bulgaria, Cumania, and the Caucasus for around 250 years, after also destroying the armies of Poland and Hungary. "Batu" or "Bat" literally means "firm" in the Mongolian language. After the deaths of Genghis Khan's sons, he became the most respected prince called agha (elder brother) in the Mongol Empire.
Yuri II (Russian: Ю́рий–II), also known as George II of Vladimir or Georgy II Vsevolodovich (1189 – 4 March 1238), was the fourth Grand Prince of Vladimir (1212–1216, 1218–1238) who presided over Vladimir-Suzdal at the time of the Mongol invasion of Rus'.
He was the third and best-loved son of Vsevolod III and Maria Shvarnovna.
He first distinguished himself in the battles against Ryazan in 1208.
When the Mongols first approached Russia in 1223, he sent a small unit against them, but it arrived too late to take part in the disastrous Battle of the Kalka River.
When the Mongols returned in 1237, Yuri treated their envoys with disdain. Likewise, he did not help Ryazan when Batu Khan laid siege to that city. His own capital, however, was the next in line. Yuri's sons were soundly defeated near Kolomna, and Yuri himself could barely escape to Yaroslavl. His wife Agatha (Mikhail of Kiev's sister) and all his family died in Vladimir when a church where they had sought refuge from the fire collapsed.
Yuri himself was killed on 4 March 1238, in the Battle of the Sit River, whereby vast Mongol hordes defeated the army of Vladimir-Suzdal.


1920 Bolshevik troops capture Odessa, bringing an end to foreign involvement in the resistance against Bolshevik rule;

1933. -23°F (-31°C), Seminole, Texas (state record)

1963. 1st transmission of Clandestine Voice of Iraqi People (Communist)

Feb 8, 2013. 100,000 people march to demand justice for the atrocities of the Bangladesh Liberation War in Dhaka.

1672; Isaac Newton, scientific revolutionary, reads 1st optics paper before Royal Society in London; Isaac Newton was born on Dec 25. He's actually real.

1943. Red Army recaptures Kursk. https://www.thedailybeast.com/wwiis-greatest-battle-how-kursk-changed-the-war
The Red Army's General Ivan D. Chernyakhovsky achieved a combat record that is virtually unknown in the West. ... On January 25, 1943, Chernyakhovsky's men liberated the city of Voronezh, and on February 8, now under command of the legendary General Konstantin Rokossovsky, he recaptured Kursk.

1992. "I'm Too Sexy" by Right Said Fred peaks at #1 "I'm too sexy for my shirt.. so sexy... yeah".

1924. The gas chamber is used for the first time to execute a murderer. The first person to be executed in the United States by lethal gas was Gee Jon, on February 8, 1924. An unsuccessful attempt to pump poison gas directly into his cell at Nevada State Prison led to the development of the first makeshift gas chamber to carry out Gee's death sentence. Gee Jon (c. 1895 – February 8, 1924) was a Chinese national who was the first person in the United States to be executed by lethal gas.[1] A member of the Hip Sing Tong criminal society from San Francisco, California, Gee was sentenced to death for the murder of an elderly member from another gang in Nevada.[2] An unsuccessful attempt to pump poison gas directly into his cell at Nevada State Prison led to the development of the gas chamber. Tom Quong Kee was a 74-year-old laundry proprietor who was a member of the Bing Kong Tong in Mina, Nevada. Hughie Sing, his American-educated apprentice of two years, pointed Kee out as a target for Gee. During the night of August 27, 1921, Gee knocked on the door of Kee's residence while armed with a Colt .38 revolver. Gee fatally shot Kee, who answered the door in his pajamas. Unlike many other Tong killings, Gee and Sing were apprehended. A bill authorizing the use of lethal gas had passed the Nevada State Legislature in 1921, making Gee eligible to become the first person to be executed by this method. Frame argued that Gee's sentence constituted cruel and unusual punishment, but his appeal was denied. The Supreme Court of Nevada instead complimented the state legislators for "inflicting the death penalty in the most humane manner known to modern science. The California Cyanide Company of Los Angeles, California, was the only distributor of liquid cyanide in the western United States and refused to deliver it to Carson City over liability concerns; Warden Denver S. Dickerson sent his assistant Tom Pickett to Los Angeles to personally pick up 20 pounds of lethal gas, which was contained in a mobile fumigating unit that cost $700. Four guards who did not want to participate in the process had resigned.[10] The officials first attempted to pump poison gas directly into Gee's cell while he was sleeping, but without success because the gas leaked from the cell. a makeshift gas chamber was set up at the butcher shop of the prison. At least one cat was used to test the lethal effectiveness of the chamber. Gee was to be strapped onto a chair in the chamber, which was eleven feet long, ten feet wide, and eight feet high. A small window next to the wooden chair allowed witnesses to look inside.[9] Attendees included news reporters, public health officials, and representatives of the U.S. Army. Gee wept as he was placed on the chair until the captain of the guards told him to "Brace up!"[12] At 9:40 a.m. on February 8, 1924, the pump sprayed four pounds of hydrocyanic acid into the chamber. The weather was cold and humid.[10] Because an electric heater failed, the chamber was 52 degrees Fahrenheit instead of the ideal 75 degrees, causing some of the acid to form a puddle on the floor. Gee appeared to lose consciousness in about five seconds, with his head continuing to nod up and down for six minutes. He was completely motionless after ten minutes. Some of the witnesses momentarily thought they smelled the odor of almond blossoms, a telltale sign of cyanide, leaking from the chamber. The warden had the witnesses cleared from the area. At about 10 a.m., a vent was opened and a fan was turned on to discharge the poison gas. The prison staff waited for the remaining puddle of hydrocyanic acid to evaporate before cleaning up the chamber. Gee's body was removed from the chamber at 12:20 p.m. and taken to the prison hospital. A group of seven doctors pronounced him dead, but did not conduct an autopsy on the body out of concern that some remaining gas could be released.[10] Gee was 29 years old when he died.

2008 Nebraska bans electric chair as execution method. unconstitutional; The Nebraska Supreme Court has ruled that the electric chair is a violation of human dignity, and as such, is unconstitutional. "Electrocution's proven history of burning and charring bodies is inconsistent with both the concepts of evolving standards of decency and the dignity of man.' It went on to say that electrocution 'has proven itself to be a dinosaur more befitting the laboratory of Baron Frankenstein than the death chamber."

BAD THINGS;
1980 President Jimmy Carter revealed his plan to reinstate selective service draft registration. While we didn't bomb anybody during Jimmy Carter's regime, he still wanted to reinstate the draft... wtf Jimmy!?!

1925 Marcus Garvey enters federal prison in Atlanta; 3 months in jail awaiting bail; sentenced to 5 years in prison; mail fraud? deported to Jamaica after Calvin Coolidge commuted his sentence.

1911 US helps overthrow President Miguel Devila of Honduras; Hillary & Obama would do the same in 2009... she was a war monger... and very shrill. [mock her... just riff] HONDURAS: This stage-managed “revolution” was launched by an American banana planter who was angry at President Miguel Davila’s efforts to limit his land holdings and tax his exports. It was planned, in part, at the May Evans bordello in the Storyville section
of New Orleans. American troops arrived to assure its success, and by early 1911, Davila had been forced into exile. Honduras, like Nicaragua, remains poor and unstable. Miguel Dávila into the Honduran presidency. This led in 1911 and 1912 to something more serious than periodic revolutions. The U.S. president, William Howard Taft, sent marines to protect American banana investments, which by this time had grown considerably, with three companies exploiting this Honduran product. All three made large capital outlays in the form of improved port facilities, railroads, workers’ settlements, and similar developments.

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2021 will be the exact same calendar year as 1982 was.

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Amethyst is modern birthstone for February;
Bloodstone is mystical birthstone (based on Tibetian origin) for February;
Astrology sounds scientific, but it's all bullshit.
So, to recap, Astrology is bullshit, but astronomy, the study of outer space, is real.

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177

Death's Messengers

Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm

In ancient times a giant was wandering along the highway when suddenly a stranger jumped toward him and shouted, "Stop! Not one step further!"

"What?" said the giant. "You, a creature that I could crush between my fingers, you want to block my way? Who are you that you dare to speak so boldly?"

"I am Death," answered the other one. "No one resists me, and you too must obey my orders."

But the giant refused, and began to wrestle with Death. It was a long, violent battle, and finally the giant got the upper hand, and knocked Death down with his fist, causing him to collapse by a stone. The giant went on his way, and Death lay there conquered, so weak that he could not get up again.

"What is to come of this?" he said. "If I stay lying here in a corner, no one will die in the world, and it will become so filled with people that they won't have room to stand beside one another."

Meanwhile a young man came down the road. Vigorous and healthy, he was singing a song and looking this way and that. Seeing the half-conscious individual, he approached him with compassion, raised him up, gave him a refreshing drink from his flask, and waited until he regained his strength.

"Do you know," asked the stranger, as he stood up, "who I am, and whom you have helped onto his legs again?"

"No," answered the youth, "I do not know you."

"I am Death," he said. "I spare no one, nor can make an exception with you. However, so you may see that I am grateful, I promise you that I will not attack you without warning, but instead will send my messengers to you before I come and take you away."

"Good," said the youth. "It is to my benefit that I shall know when you are coming, and that I will be safe from you until then."

Then he went on his way, and was cheerful and carefree, and lived one day at a time. However, youth and good health did not last long. Soon came sickness and pain, which tormented him by day and deprived him of his rest by night.

"I shall not die," he said to himself, "for Death will first send his messengers, but I do wish that these wicked days of sickness were over."

Regaining his health, he began once more to live cheerfully. Then one day someone tapped on his shoulder.

He looked around, and death was standing behind him, who said, "Follow me. The hour of your departure from this world has come."

"What?" replied the man. "Are you breaking your word? Did you not promise me that you would send your messengers to me before you yourself would come? I have not seen a one of them."

"Be still!" answered Death. "Have I not sent you one messenger after another? Did not fever come and strike you, and shake you, and throw you down? Has not dizziness numbed your head? Has not gout pinched your limbs? Did your ears not buzz? Did toothache not bite into your cheeks? Did your eyes not darken? And furthermore, has not my own brother Sleep reminded you every night of me? During the night did you not lie there as if you were already dead?"

The man did not know how to answer, so he surrendered to his fate and went away with Death.

Source: Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Die Boten des Todes, Kinder- und Hausmärchen, (Children's and Household Tales -- Grimms' Fairy Tales), 7th ed. (Berlin, 1857), no. 177.
Translated by D. L. Ashliman. © 2002.


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The Solar System formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud.

BILLIONS
Earth is 4.5 billion years old.
4.404 BA     First appearance of liquid water on Earth.

4.280 BA    Earliest appearance of life on Earth

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the Ordovician–Silurian extinction events, the Late Devonian extinction, the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, and the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.

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FIRST GREAT MASS EXTINCTION;
2.4 billion years ago. The “great oxidation event”. Supposedly, the poisonous waste produced by photosynthetic cyanobacteria – oxygen – starts to build up in the atmosphere. Dissolved oxygen makes the iron in the oceans “rust” and sink to the seafloor, forming striking banded iron formations.
The first known mass extinction in earth's history was the Great Oxygenation Event 2.4 billion years ago. The event led to the loss of most of the planet's obligate anaerobes. The five largest extinction events in earth's history since are these:
The Great Oxygenation Event, the beginning of which is commonly known in scientific media as the Great Oxidation Event (GOE, also called the Oxygen Catastrophe, Oxygen Crisis, Oxygen Holocaust[2], Oxygen Revolution, or Great Oxidation) was the biologically induced appearance of dioxygen (O2) in Earth's atmosphere.[3] Although geological, isotopic, and chemical evidence suggest that this major environmental change happened around 2.45 billion years ago (2.45 Ga),[4] (during the Siderian period, at the beginning of the Proterozoic eon) the actual causes and the exact date of the event are not clear.[5] The current geochemical and biomarker evid

2.3 billion years ago. Earth freezes over in what may have been the first “snowball Earth”, possibly as a result of a lack of volcanic activity. When the ice eventually melts, it indirectly leads to more oxygen being released into the atmosphere.

2.15 billion years ago. First undisputed fossil evidence of cyanobacteria, and of photosynthesis: the ability to take in sunlight and carbon dioxide, and obtain energy, releasing oxygen as a by-product.

2 BYA: Vredefort crater is the largest verified impact crater on Earth, more than 300 km (186 mi) across when it was formed. What remains of it is located in the present-day Free State Province of South Africa and named after the town of Vredefort, which is situated near its center. Although the crater itself has long since eroded away, the remaining geological structures at its center are known as the Vredefort Dome or Vredefort impact structure. The crater is estimated to be 2.023 billion years old (± 4 million years), with impact being in the Paleoproterozoic Era. It is the second-oldest known crater on Earth.

1.8 BYA: The Sudbury Basin, also known as Sudbury Structure or the Sudbury Nickel Irruptive, is a major geological structure in Ontario, Canada. It is the second-largest known impact crater or astrobleme on Earth, as well as one of the oldest.[1] The crater formed 1.849 billion years ago in the Paleoproterozoic era.

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517 MA: The Botomian stage of the Early Cambrian epoch lasted from ca 524 to ca 517 million years ago. At the end of the Botomian stage there was a mass extinction that wiped out a high percentage of the organisms for which fossils were found. Organisms which produced small shelly fossils were almost exterminated.